Project management

Inspection
Configuration management
Change management
Process management

OTHER SOFTWARE PROCESSES

Other Processes 1
Other Processes

 Development Process is the central process

around which others revolve

 Methods for other processes often influenced

by the dev process

 We have looked at various models for dev

process
 a “real” process likely derived from a model

Other Processes 2
Other Processes In the
context of Dev Processes

Other Processes 3
Other Processes

 Project management process

 Inspection process
 Configuration management process
 Change management process
 Process management process

 Will briefly look at these now

Other Processes 4
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
PROCESS
Other Processes 5
The Typical PMs Role
 Overall responsibility for the successful
planning, execution, monitoring, control and
closure of a project.
 Primary point of contact with project
sponsors
 Key tasks
 Plans
 Meets
 Communicates
 Project Management == Leadership
Other Processes 6
10 Qualities of a PM
1. Inspires a Shared Vision
2. Good Communicator
3. Integrity
4. Enthusiasm
5. Empathy
6. Competence
7. Ability to Delegate Tasks
8. Cool Under Pressure
9. Team-Building Skills
10. Problem Solving Skills
Other Processes 7
What does a PM do?

 Development process divides development

into phases and activities
 To execute it efficiently, must allocate
resources, manage them, monitor progress,
take corrective actions, …
 These are all part of the PM process
 Hence, PM process is an essential part of
executing a project

Other Processes 8
PM Process Phases

 There are three broad phases

 Before: Planning
 During
 Monitoring and control
 Communication facilitation
 After: Postmortem analysis
 Planning is a key activity that produces a
plan, which forms the basis of monitoring

Other Processes 9
Project Management Concerns

Other Processes 10
Project Management Tools

Other Processes 11
Planning

 Done before project begins

 Key tasks
 Cost and schedule estimation
 Staffing
 Monitoring and risk mgmt plans
 Quality assurance plans
 Etc.
 Will discuss planning in detail later

Other Processes 12
Monitoring and control

 Lasts for the duration of the project and

covers the development process
 Monitors all key parameters like cost, schedule,
risks
 Takes corrective actions when needed
 Needs information on the dev process – provided
by metrics

Other Processes 13
Communication Facilitation
 Realistically no plan covers everything!
 Additional decisions are made during development
 Documents should be updated and communicated
 Typical environment
 Multiple teams
 Multiple user groups
 Multiple disciplines
 Multiple locations
 In many setting PM is center of communication hub
 Will discuss in more detail later

Other Processes 14
Meeting Types
 Project Planning Meetings
 Review of progress against schedule
 Update plan, identify pain points and
dependencies
 Publically call team leads to task
 Content Meetings
 Regular meetings focused around content topics
 E.G. “Reporting”, “Backend API”
 Make decision, Record them, Communicate them
 Use of the “Rolling Email”
Other Processes 15
Meeting Types
 Issues Meetings
 Regularly schedule meeting (ie. open in everyone’s
schedule)
 Issues gathered the day before and distributed
 Issue initiator indicates required attendance
 QA Meetings
 Planning
 Discussion with business
 Discussion with developers
 Regular Review of open tickets

Other Processes 16
Meeting Modalities
 Modalities
 In person
 Video Conference
 Voice Conference
 Shared Desktop + Voice Conference

 Pros/Cons of each?

Other Processes 17
Postmortem Analysis

 Postmortem analysis is performed when the

development process is over
 Basic purpose:
 to analyze the performance of the process, and
identify lessons learned
 Improve predictability and repeatability
 Central to a “Learning Organization” or culture
 Also called termination analysis

Other Processes 18
Relationship with Dev Process

Other Processes 19
Risk Management
From “Keep Your Projects On Track”
http://www.drdobbs.com/184414727

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
PROCESS
Other Processes 20
Risk Management

 Usually performed
1. at the start of a project,
2. at the beginning of major project phases (such as
requirements, design, coding and deployment),
and
3. when there are significant changes (for example,
feature changes, target platform changes and
technology changes).

Other Processes 21
Risk Management

 Four steps to risk management are

1. risk identification,
2. risk analysis,
3. risk management planning and
4. risk review

Other Processes 22
1) Risk Identification

 the brainstorming session, consider :

 Weak areas, such as unknown technology.
 Aspects that are critical to project success, such as
the timely delivery of a vendor's database
software, creation of translators or a user
interface that meets the customer's needs.
 Problems that have plagued past projects, such as
loss of key staff, missed deadlines or error-prone
software

Other Processes 23
1) Risk Identification

 Collect up the stakeholder! Who?

 Hold a brainstorming session, consider :
 Weak areas, such as unknown technology.
 Aspects that are critical to project success, such
as the timely delivery of a vendor's database
software, creation of translators or a user
interface that meets the customer's needs.
 Problems that have plagued past projects, such
as loss of key staff, missed deadlines or error-
prone software
Other Processes 24
2) Risk Analysis

 Make each risk item more specific. Risks like

"Lack of management buy-in" and "People
might leave" are too vague.
 Split the risk into smaller, specific risks, such
as
 "Manager Jane could decide the project isn't
beneficial,"
 "The database expert might leave," and
 "The webmaster may be pulled off the project.“
 Set priorities
Other Processes 25
 2) Risk Analysis

Risk Items (Potential Future Problems Likelihood of Impact to Priority

Derived from Brainstorming) Risk Item Project if Risk (Likelihood *
Occurring Item Does Occur Impact)

New operating system may be unstable. 10 10 100

Communication problems over system 8 9 72

issues.
We may not have the right requirements 9 6 54

Requirements may change late in the 7 7 49

cycle.
Database software may arrive late. 4 8 32
Key people might leave. 2 10 20

Other Processes 26
 3) Risk Management Planning

Risk Items (Potential Actions to Actions to Who Should When Status

Future Problems Reduce Reduce Impact if Work on Should of
Derived from Likelihood Risk Does Occur Actions Actions Be Actions
Brainstorming) Complete
New operating system Test OS more. Identify second Joe 3/3/01
may not be stable. OS.

Communica-tion Develop Add replan Cathy 5/6/01

problems over system system milestone to
issues. interface realign the team's
document for schedule with
critical other areas.
interfaces.
We may not have the Build prototype Limit Initial Lois 4/6/01
right requirements. of UI. product
distribution

Other Processes 27
4) Risk Review

 review your risks periodically,

 check how well mitigation is progressing.
 change risk priorities, as required
 Identify new risks.
 rerun the complete risk process if the project
has experienced significant changes.
 incorporate risk review into other regularly
scheduled project reviews

Other Processes 28
Risk Management

 Time Effective!
 90 to 120 minutes for projects that are 12 to 60
person-months
 Control the length of the session by controlling
the scope you choose,
 most sessions usually take less than two hours

Other Processes 29
Communication Facilitation
THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT
PROCESS

Other Processes 30
Meeting Types
 Project Planning Meetings
 Review of progress against schedule
 Update plan, identify pain points and
dependencies
 Publically call team leads to task
 Content Meetings
 Regular meetings focused around content topics
 E.G. “Reporting”, “Backend API”
 Make decision, Record them, Communicate them
 Use of the “Rolling Email”
Other Processes 31
Meeting Types
 Issues Meetings
 Regularly schedule meeting (ie. open in everyone’s
schedule)
 Issues gathered the day before and distributed
 Issue initiator indicates required attendance
 QA Meetings
 Planning
 Discussion with business
 Discussion with developers
 Regular Review of open tickets

Other Processes 32
Meeting Modalities
 Modalities
 In person
 Video Conference
 Voice Conference
 Shared Desktop + Voice Conference

 Pros/Cons of each?

Other Processes 33
Face to Face Communication
 A verbal message is affected by:
 The message itself
 Paralingual attributes of the message (ie. the pitch, tone,
and inflections in the speaker's voice)
 Nonverbal communication (ie. Posture, facial expression,
shoulders, tugging on the ears, crossed arms, hand
signals)
 To be an effective communicator, you must ask
questions.
 Do you understand me?
 Questions help the project team, ask for clarification, and
achieve an exact transfer of knowledge.

Other Processes 34
Writing Email
 1) Understand why you’re writing
 have explicit answers for two questions:
 Why am I writing this?
 What exactly do I want the result of this message
to be?

Other Processes 35
Writing Email
 2) Get what you need
 Really just three basic types of business email.
 Providing information - “Larry Tate will be in the office
Monday at 10.”
 Requesting information - “Where did you put the ‘Larry
Tate’ file?”
 Requesting action - “Will you call Larry Tate’s admin to
confirm our meeting on Monday?”
 The recipient must immediately know which type of
email it is.

Other Processes 36
Writing Email
 3) Make One Point per Email
 If you need to communicate a number of different
things:
 Consider writing a separate email on each subject,
especially if they related to different topics or have
different timescales.
 Consider presenting each point in a separate, numbered
paragraph, especially if relate to the same project.
 Making each point stand out, significantly
increasing the likelihood that each point will be
addressed.
Other Processes 37
Writing Email
 3) Write a great Subject line
 Help your recipient to
 immediately understand why you’ve sent them an email
 quickly determine what kind of response or action it
requires
 Avoid “Hi,” “One more thing…,” or “FYI,”
 Best is a short summary of the most important
points
 Lunch resched to Friday @ 1pm
 Reminder: Monday is "St. Bono’s Day"–no classes
 REQ: Resend Larry Tate zip file?
 HELP: I’ve lost the source code?
 Thanks for the new liver–works great!

Other Processes 38
Writing Email
 3) Brevity is the soul of…getting a response

 The Long Crafted Email: 1%

 Explores nuances
 Handling political hot potatoes

 The Short Directed Email: 99%

 Make it fit on one screen with no scrolling.
 Better still in the “review space”
 A concise email is much more likely to get action

 But be presise…

Other Processes 39
Bad Example Good Example
Subject: Proposal Subject: Checking On Reliable Landscapes Proposal

Lynn, Lynn,
I just wanted to check that you have received the
Did you get my proposal last landscaping proposal I emailed to you last week. I haven't
week? I haven't heard back heard back and wanted to make sure it went through.
and wanted to make sure.
Can you please call me by Thursday so we can discuss? This
is when our discount offer expires, and I want to make sure
Can you please call me so we you don't miss it!
can discuss?
The quickest way to contact me is by cell phone.
Thanks!
Thanks!
Peter Peter Schuell, Owner
Reliable Landscaping, Inc.
555.135.4598 (office)
555.135.2929 (cell)

Other Processes 40
THE INSPECTION PROCESS

Other Processes 41
Background

 Main goal of inspection process is to detect

defects in work products
 First proposed by Fagan in 70s
 Earlier used for code, now used for all types
of work products
 Is recognized as an industry best practice
 Data suggests that it improves both Q&P

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagan_inspection
Other Processes 42
Background

 “A defect is an instance in which a requirement

is not satisfied.” [Fagan, 1986]
 Defects injected in sw at any stage
 Hence must remove them at every stage
 Inspections can be done on any document
including design docs and plans
 Is a good method for early phases like
requirements and design
 Also useful for plans (PM plans, CM plans,
testing plans,…)

Other Processes 43
 Some Characteristics

 Conducted by group of technical people for

technical people (i.e. review done by peers)
 Is a structured process with defined roles for the
participants
 The focus is on identifying problems, not
resolving them
 Review data is recorded and used for monitoring
the effectiveness

Other Processes 44
 Steps in Typical Review
Process

Planning Preparation & Overview

Work Product for Schedule,
review Review Team,
Invitation

Rew ork & Follow Up Group Review Meeting

Reviewed Work Defects Log,
Product, Summary Recommendation
Report

Other Processes 45
Planning

 Select the group review team – three to five

people group is best
 Identify the moderator – has the main
responsibility for the inspection
 Prepare package for distribution – work
product for review plus supporting docs
 Package should be complete for review

Other Processes 46
Overview and Self-Review

 A brief meeting – deliver package, explain

purpose of the review, intro,…
 All team members then individually review the
work product
 Lists the issues/problems they find in the self-
preparation log
 Checklists, guidelines are used
 Ideally, should be done in one sitting and issues
recorded in a log

Other Processes 47
Self-Review Log

Project name:
Work product name and ID:
Reviewer Name:
Effort spent (hours):
Defect list
No Location Description Criticality

Other Processes 48
Group Review Meeting

 Purpose – define the final defect list

 Entry criteria
 each member has done a proper self-review
 logs are reviewed
 Group review meeting
 A reviewer goes over the product line by line
 At any line, all issues are raised
 Discussion follows to identify if a defect
 Decision recorded (by the scribe)

Other Processes 49
Group Review Meeting…

 At the end of the meeting

 Scribe presents the list of defects/issues
 If few defects, the work product is accepted; else it
might be asked for another review
 Group does not propose solutions
 though some suggestions may be recorded
 A summary of the inspections is prepared
 useful for evaluating effectiveness

Other Processes 50
Group Review Meeting…

 Moderator is in-charge of the meeting and

plays a central role
 Ensures that focus is on defect detection and
solutions are not discussed/proposed
 Work product is reviewed, not the author of the
work product
 Amicable/orderly execution of the meeting
 Uses summary report to analyze the overall
effectiveness of the review

Other Processes 51
 Summary Report Example

Project XXXX
Work Product Type Project plan
Size of work product 14 pages
Review team P1, P2, P3
Effort (person hours)
Preparation 10 (total)
Group meeting 10
Total 20
Other Processes 52
Summary Contd.

Defects
No of critical defects 0
No of major defects 3
No of minor defects 16
Total 19
Review status Accepted
Reco for next phase Nil
Comments Nice plan
Other Processes 53
Rework and Follow Up

 Defects in the defects list are fixed later by

the author
 Once fixed, author gets it OKed by the
moderator, or goes for another review
 Once all defects/issues are satisfactorily
addressed, review is completed and collected
data is submitted

Other Processes 54
Roles and Responsibilities

 Main roles
 Moderator – overall responsibility
 Author –Listen, inform, avoid defensiveness
 Reviewer(s) – to identify defects
 Reader – not there in some processes, reads line
by line to keep focus
 Scribe – records the issues raised

Other Processes 55
Guidelines for Work Products

Work Inspection focus Participants

Product
Req Spec Meet customer needs Customer
Are implementable Designer
Omissions, inconsistencies, ambiguities Tester, Dev
Analyst

HLD Design implements req Req author

Design is implementable Designer
Ommissions, quality of design Developer

Other Processes 56
Guidelines for Work Products

Code Code implements design Designer

Code is complete and correct Tester
Defects in code Developer
Other quality issues
Test Set of test cases test all SRS conditions Req author
cases Test cases are executable Tester
Are perf and load tests there Proj mgr

Proj Plan is complete and specifies all Proj mgr

Mgmt components of the plan Another Proj
Plan Is implementable mgr
Omissions and ambiguities
Other Processes 57
Summary

 Purpose of reviews: to detect defects

 Structured reviews are very effective - can
detect most of the injected defects
 For effective review, process has to be
properly defined and followed
 Data must be collected and analyzed

Other Processes 58
CONFIGURATION
MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Other Processes 59
Background
 A software project produces many items -
programs, documents, data, manuals, …
 All of these can be changed easily – need to
keep track state of items
 Software Configuration Management (SCM)
 Systematically control the changes
 Focus on changes during normal evolution (req
changes will be handled separately)
 CM requires discipline as well as tools
Other Processes 60
Background

 SCM often independent of dev process

 Dev process looks at macro picture, but not on
changes to individual items/files
 As items are produced during dev they are
brought under SCM
 SCM controls only the products of the
development process

Other Processes 61
SCM Process and Dev process

Other Processes 62
Need for CM

 CM needed to deliver product to the client

 What files should comprise the product?
 What versions of these files?
 How to combine these to make the product?

 Just for this, versioning is needed, and state

of different items has to be tracked

 There are other functions of CM also

Other Processes 63
Functionality Needed

 Capture current state of programs

 Capture latest version of a program
 Undo a change and revert back to a specified
version
 Prevent unauthorized changes
 Gather all sources, documents, and other
information for the current system

Other Processes 64
CM Mechanisms

 Configuration identification and baselining

 Version control
 Access control

 These are the main mechanisms, there are

others like
 naming conventions,
 directory structure,…

Other Processes 65
Configuration Items

 Sw consists of many items/artifacts

 In CM some identified items are placed under
CM control
 Changes to these are then tracked
 Periodically, system is built using these items
and baselines are established
 Baseline – logical state of the system and all
its items; is a reference point

Other Processes 66
Version and access control
 Key issues in CM
 Done primarily on source code through source
code control systems, which also provide access
control
 Allows older versions to be preserved and hence
can undo changes
 Examples:
 CVS – Original open source system (1986)
 Subversion – Open source CVS replacement (1999)
 Microsoft Visual SourceSafe (VSS) – targeted for
smaller dev projects
 IBM Rational ClearCase – Industrial strength solution
Other Processes 67
Version and Access
Control
 When programmer developing code – is in
private area
 When code is made available to others, it goes in
an access-controlled library
 For making changes to an item in library, it has
to be checked out
 Changes made by checking-in the item –
versioning is automatically done
 Final system is built from the library

Other Processes 68
Version/Access Control

 Generally both version and access control

done through CM tools
 Tools limit access to specified people - formal
check in, check out procedures
 Automatic versioning done when a changed
file is checked-in
 Check-in, check-out control may
 be restricted to a few people in a project
 Require successful compile/build cycle

Other Processes 69
CM Process

 Defines the activities for controlling changes

 Main phases
 CM Planning
 Executing the CM process
 CM audits

Other Processes 70
CM Planning

 Identify items to be placed under CM

 Define library structure for CM
 Define change control procedures
 Define access control, baselining,
reconciliation, procedures
 Define release procedure

Other Processes 71
CM Audit

 During project execution CM procedures have

to be followed (e.g. moving items between
directories, naming, following change
procedures, …)
 Process audit has to be done
 CM audit can also check if items are where
they should be

Other Processes 72
 Summary – CM

 CM is about managing the different items in the

product, and changes in them
 Developing a CM plan at the start is the key to
successful to CM
 CM procedures have to be followed; audits have to
be performed
 Requires discipline and tools

Other Processes 73
REQUIREMENTS CHANGE
MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Other Processes 74
Background

 Requirements change at any time during the

development

 Changes impact the work products and the

various configuration items

 Uncontrolled changes can have a huge

adverse impact on project in cost/sched

 Changes have to be allowed, but in a

controlled manner
Other Processes 75
A Change Mgmt Process

 Log the changes

 Perform impact analysis on the work

products and items

 Estimate impact on effort and schedule

 Review impact with stakeholders

 Rework the work products/items

Other Processes 76
Changes

 Change often triggered by change request

 Change req log keeps a record of requests
 Impact analysis for a change request involves
identifying the changes needed to diff items,
and the nature of change
 The impact of changes on the project is
reviewed to decide whether to go ahead
 Cumulative changes also often tracked

Other Processes 77