POETRY

Definition, elements, kinds and history

Definition

 Broad genre of literature that is

written in stanza form. It is
characterized by a regular
rhythmic pattern, rhyme,
horizontal and vertical measure,
imagery, symbolism, and
figurative language.
 Elements

 Measure – involves the

counting of the number of
lines and stanzas and the
number of syllables and feet.
 Vertical Measure - Poems and stanzas are classified according to the number of lines.
 Horizontal Measure – Lines are described according to the number of syllables.
 Rhythm – is a regular succession of accented and unaccented syllables in line.
 How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal grace.
I love thee to the level of every day’s
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for right.
Rhyme – presence of words that
I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.
have similar or identical final
sounds. I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
 Petrarchan Sonnet – ABBAABBA
 Shakespearian Sonnet – ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
 Spenserian Sonnet – ABAB BCBC CDCD EE
  SONNET 27
 "Lyric 17“
Weary with toil, I haste me to my bed,
The dear repose for limbs with travel tired;
But then begins a journey in my head, First, a poem must be magical,
To work my mind, when body's work's Then musical as a sea-gull.
expired: It must be a brightness moving
For then my thoughts (from far where I And hold secret a bird's flowering.
abide) It must be slender as a bell,
Intend a zealous pilgrimage to thee, And it must hold fire as well.
And keep my drooping eyelids open wide, It must have the wisdom of bows
Looking on darkness which the blind do see: And it must kneel like a rose.
Save that my soul's imaginary sight It must be able to hear
Presents thy shadow to my sightless view, The luminance of dove and deer.
Which, like a jewel hung in ghastly night, It must be able to hide
Makes black night beauteous and her old What it seeks, like a bride.
face new. And over all I would like to hover
Lo, thus, by day my limbs, by night my God, smiling from the poem's cover.
mind,
For thee, and for myself, no quiet find.
 Internal Rhyme - is rhyme that occurs within a single line of verse, or between
internal phrases across multiple lines.
 Terminal Rhyme - rhyme between line endings
 Perfect Rhyme - rhyme between words in which the stressed vowels and
any succeeding consonants are identical although the consonants preceding the
stressed vowels may be different, as between part/hart or believe/conceive
 Eye Rhyme - An eye rhyme, also
Approximate Rhyme - Rhyme is called a visual rhyme or a sight
the repetition of the same sound rhyme, is a rhyme in which two
in two or more words or phrases. words are spelled similarly but
pronounced differently.

Masculine Rhyme or Single Rhyme lFeminine rhyme - also called

- Both are two syllable words, and double rhyme, in poetry,
the rhyme occurs on the a rhyme involving two syllables (as
second syllable with the sound - in motion and ocean or willow
ain and billow)
 Compound Rhyme – are rhymes that contain two or more syllable. I've got a bad taste / It
gives me mad haste.
 Monorime – Monorhyme is a passage, stanza, or entire poem in which all lines have the
same end rhyme. The term "monorhyme" describes the use of one (mono) type of
repetitious sound (rhyme).
 Dirime – a dirime exists when a stanza has three pairs or sets of rhyming words.
 Tririme – Set of three pairs of rhyming words.
 Rime Riche - occurs when the rhyming words are homonyms.
 Imagery – creation of a picture of pictures by using the appeal to senses.
 Visual
 Auditory
 Olfactory
 Gustatory
 Tactile or Tactual
 Kinesthetic
 Thermal
 Symbolism
 Figures of Speech
 Richard Cory
BY EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON

Whenever Richard Cory went down town, And he was rich—yes, richer than a king—
We people on the pavement looked at him: And admirably schooled in every grace:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, In fine, we thought that he was everything
Clean favored, and imperially slim. To make us wish that we were in his place.

And he was always quietly arrayed, So on we worked, and waited for the light,
And he was always human when he talked; And went without the meat, and cursed the
bread;
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
"Good-morning," and he glittered when he Went home and put a bullet through his
walked. head.
Kinds

 Narrative Poem - a form of poetry that tells a story, often making the voices of a narrator
and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse
 Epic - s a long, serious, poetic narrative about a significant event, often featuring a hero.
 Ballad – a short narrative poem which deals with a single incident and has a singelable
quality.
 Metrical Tale – short story in verse form. It lacks the singelable quality of ballad.
 Metrical Romance – love story in verse form.
 Dramatic Poem -
 Lyric Poem - A lyric poem is a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single
speaker presents a state of mind or an emotional state
 Ode - An ode is a lyric poem, usually addressing a particular person or thing
 Elegy - An elegy is a poem of mourning; this is often the poet mourning one person
 Simple Lyric – a poem that is
pictorial and reflective.
 Song – melodious poem
intended to be sung and
readily adapted to music.
 Psalm – song to praise to God
or Virgin Mary.
 Sonnet – a 14 line poem.
 Hymn – metrical composition
adapted for singing in religious
service.
History
Prehistoric Period – Earliest forms of literature were oral.
Greek
Period
Roman Period

 Father of Greek Tragedy – Aeschylus

 Father or Theban Plays – Euripides and
Sophocles
 Father of Greek Comedy – Aristophanes
 Father of Greek History – Herodotus
 Father of Literary Criticism – Plato,
Socrates and Aristotle
Medieval Period

 Nibelungenlied – Songs of the Nibelungs

(Germany)
 Song of Roland - (France)
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Post – Renaissance Period

 John Milton – Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained

 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Germany’s greatest poet and greatest figure in German
Literature.
 William Blake – A Poison Tree
 William Wordsworth –
 Percy Bysshe Shelley –
 Emily Dickinson –
 Edgar Allan Poe –
 Guy de Maupassant -
A Poison Tree

I was angry with my friend; And it grew both day and night.
I told my wrath, my wrath did Till it bore an apple bright.
end. And my foe beheld it shine,
I was angry with my foe: And he knew that it was mine.
I told it not, my wrath did grow.
And into my garden stole,
And I watered it in fears, When the night had veiled the
Night & morning with my tears: pole;
And I sunned it with smiles, In the morning glad I see;
And with soft deceitful wiles. My foe outstretched beneath the
. tree.
 Annabel Lee
BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

The angels, not half so happy in Heaven,

It was many and many a year ago, Went envying her and me—
In a kingdom by the sea, Yes!—that was the reason (as all men know,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know In this kingdom by the sea)
By the name of Annabel Lee; That the wind came out of the cloud by night,
And this maiden she lived with no other thought Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.
Than to love and be loved by me.
But our love it was stronger by far than the love
I was a child and she was a child, Of those who were older than we—
In this kingdom by the sea, Of many far wiser than we—
But we loved with a love that was more than love— And neither the angels in Heaven above
I and my Annabel Lee— Nor the demons down under the sea
With a love that the wingèd seraphs of Heaven Can ever dissever my soul from the soul
Coveted her and me. Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And this was the reason that, long ago,
In this kingdom by the sea, For the moon never beams, without bringing me dreams
A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
My beautiful Annabel Lee; And the stars never rise, but I feel the bright eyes
So that her highborn kinsmen came Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And bore her away from me, And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side
To shut her up in a sepulchre Of my darling—my darling—my life and my bride,
In this kingdom by the sea. In her sepulchre there by the sea—
In her tomb by the sounding sea.
  This period is marked by avant-gardeism.
 Phil. Lit is divided into the following periods:
 Period of Orientation
 Period of Apprenticeship
 Period of Experimentation
Modern Period  Period of Discontent
 Pos-War Period
 Modern Period
 Martial Law Era
 Post Martial Law or Contemporary Period
Notable Artists: Local

 Baltazar, Francisco – Shakespear of the Philippines

 Jose Rizal – Mi Ultimo Adios, A la Juventad Filipina
 Jose Garcia Villa - Doveglion
Notable Artists: Foreign

 Elizabeth Browning – How Do I Love Thee

 Robert Browning – Fra Lippo Lippi
 Edgar Allan Poe – Annabel Lee, To Helen