Sally Dawson, BNL

Introduction to the Standard Model

TASI, 2006
• Introduction to the Standard Model
– Review of the SU(2) x U(1) Electroweak theory
– Experimental status of the EW theory
– Constraints from Precision Measurements
• Theoretical problems with the Standard Model
• Beyond the SM
– Why are we sure there is physics BSM?
– What will the LHC and Tevatron tell us?
 Lecture 1

• Introduction to the Standard Model

– Just the SU(2) x U(1) part of it….
• Some good references:
– Chris Quigg, Gauge Theories of the Strong, Weak,
and Electromagnetic Interactions
– Michael Peskin, An Introduction to Quantum Field
Theory
– Sally Dawson, Trieste lectures, hep-ph/9901280
 Science Timeline

Tevatron LHC LHC Upgrade ILC

2006 2007 2012

 Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

• proton-proton collider
at CERN (2007)
• 14 TeV energy
– 7 mph slower than the
speed of light
– cf. 2TeV @ Fermilab
( 307 mph slower than
the speed of light)
• Typical energy of
quarks and gluons 1-2
TeV
 LHC is Big….

• ATLAS is 100 meters underground, as deep

as Big Ben is tall

• The accelerator circumscribes 58 square

kilometers, as large as the island of
Manhattan
LHC Will Require Detectors of
Unprecedented Scale
• CMS is 12,000
tons (2 x’s
ATLAS)
• ATLAS has 8
times the volume
of CMS
 What we know
• The photon and gluon appear to be massless
• The W and Z gauge bosons are heavy
– MW=80.404  0.030 GeV
– MZ =92.1875  0.0021 GeV
• There are 6 quarks
– Mt=172.5 2.3 GeV
– Mt >> all the other quark masses
• There appear to be 3 distinct neutrinos with
small but non-zero masses
• The pattern of fermions appears to replicate
itself 3 times
– Why not more?
 Abelian Higgs Model
• Why are the W and Z boson masses non-zero?
• U(1) gauge theory with single spin-1gauge field, A
1
L   F F 
4
F   A    A
• U(1) local gauge invariance:
A ( x)  A ( x)    ( x)
• Mass term for A would look like:
1 1
L   F F   m 2 A A
4 2
• Mass term violates local gauge invariance
• We understand why MA = 0

Gauge invariance is guiding principle

 Abelian Higgs Model, 2

• Add complex scalar field, , with charge –e:

1  2
L   F F  D   V ( )
4
• Where
D     ieA F    A   A
V ( )      
2 2
  2 2

• L is invariant under local U(1) transformations:

A ( x)  A ( x)    ( x)
 ( x)  e ie ( x ) ( x)
 Abelian Higgs Model, 3

• Case 1: 2 > 0
– QED with MA=0 and 1  2
L   F F  D   V ( )
m= 4
– Unique minimum at
=0 D     ieA

V ( )      
2 2
 2 2

By convention,  > 0
 Abelian Higgs Model, 4

• Case 2: 2 < 0
 
V ( )       
2 2 2 2

• Minimum energy state at:

2 v
    
2 2

Vacuum breaks U(1) symmetry

Aside: What fixes sign (2)?

 Abelian Higgs Model, 5
  and h are the 2 degrees of
e v  h 
1 iv
• Rewrite  freedom of the complex
2
Higgs field
• L becomes:
1 
L   F F  evA   
4
 e 2v 2 
2
1

A A    h  h  2 2 h 2
2

1
       (h,  interactio ns )
2

• Theory now has:

– Photon of mass MA=ev
– Scalar field h with mass-squared –22 > 0
– Massless scalar field  (Goldstone Boson)
 Abelian Higgs Model, 6
• What about mixed -A propagator?
– Remove by gauge transformation
1
A   A    
'

ev
•  field disappears
– We say that it has been eaten to give the photon mass
–  field called Goldstone boson
– This is Abelian Higgs Mechanism
– This gauge (unitary) contains only physical particles
1
4

L   F F 
e 2v 2 
2
1
 
A A    h  h  V (h)
2
 Higgs Mechanism summarized

Spontaneous breaking of a gauge theory

by a non-zero VEV of a scalar field results in
the disappearance of a Goldstone boson and its
transformation into the longitudinal component
of a massive gauge boson
 Gauge Invariance
What about gauge invariance? Choice above called unitarity
gauge
– No  field
– Bad high energy behavior of A propagator
i  k  k 
  (k )   2 g 
2  

k MA 
2 
MA 
– R gauges more convenient:
– LGF= (1/2)(A+ev)2
1   1 
L2   A   g   2  1      e 2 v 2  A    h  h  2 2 h 2 
1
2     2
1 
       e 2 v 2 2
2 2
 More on R gauges
Mass of Goldstone boson  depends on 
=1: Feynman gauge with massive 
=0: Landau gauge
: Unitarity gauge
   i   k  k 
Gauge Boson, A 
2 
g  (1   ) 
k MA 
2
k  M A
2 2

i
Higgs, h k 2  M h2

Goldstone Boson, , or i
Faddeev-Popov ghost k 2  M A2
 Aside on gauge boson counting

• Massless photon has 2 transverse degrees of freedom

– p=(k,0,0,|k|)
–  =(0,1, i,0)/2
• Massive gauge boson has 3 degrees of freedom (2
transverse, 1 longitudinal)
– L=(|k|,0,0,k0)/MV
• Count: Abelian Higgs Model
– We start with: Massless gauge boson (2 dof), complex
scalar (2 dof)
– We end with: Massive gauge boson (3 dof), physical
scalar (1 dof)
 Non-Abelian Higgs Mechanism

• Vector fields Aa(x) and scalar fields i(x) of SU(N) group

 1 
 . 
 
L  ( D    )( D  )  V (),
 . 
 
 .  V ( )   2      (   ) 2
N 

• L is invariant under the non-Abelian symmetry:

i  (1  i a a )ij  j

D     ig a Aa  
• a are group generators, a=1…N2-1 for SU(N)
For SU(2): a=a/2
 Non-Abelian Higgs Mechanism, 2

• In exact analogy to the Abelian case

( D    )( D  )  ...  g 2 ( a  )i ( b )i Aa Ab  ...
 0 
 ...  g 2 ( a0 )i ( b0 )i Aa Ab  ...

•  a 0  0  Massive vector boson + Goldstone boson

• a0=0  Massless vector boson + massive scalar field
 Non-Abelian Higgs Mechanism, 3

 a a
• Consider SU(2) example D      ig A 
 2 

• Suppose  gets a VEV: 1 0

   
2 v
 0
g 0, v  a b   Aa Ab
1 2
• Gauge boson mass term
2
D  
2 v

• Using the property of group generators, a,b=ab/2

• Mass term for gauge bosons:
g 2v 2 a a
Lmass  A A
8
 Standard Model Synopsis
• Group: SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1)

QCD Electroweak

• Gauge bosons:
– SU(3): Gi, i=1…8
– SU(2): Wi, i=1,2,3
– U(1): B
• Gauge couplings: gs, g, g
• SU(2) Higgs doublet: 
 SM Higgs Mechanism
• Standard Model includes complex Higgs SU(2) doublet
1  1  i2     
     0 
2  3  i4    
• With SU(2) x U(1) invariant scalar potential
V   2     (  ) 2 Invariant under  - 
• If 2 < 0, then spontaneous symmetry breaking
• Minimum of potential at: 1  0
    
2 v 

– Choice of minimum breaks gauge symmetry

– Why is 2 < 0?
 More on SM Higgs Mechanism
• Couple  to SU(2) x U(1) gauge bosons (Wi, i=1,2,3; B)
LS  ( D   )  ( D   )  V ( )
g i i g' Justify later: Y=1
D     i  W   i Y B
2 2
• Gauge boson mass terms from:
0, v ( gWa a  g B )( gW b b  g B  )   ...
1 0
( D )  D    ... 
8 v 

 ...  g (W )  g 2 (W2 ) 2  ( gW3  g B ) 2   ...

v2 2 1 2
8
 More on SM Higgs Mechanism
• With massive gauge bosons:
MW=gv/2
W = (W1 W2) /2
MZ=(g2+g’2)v/2
Z 0 = (g W3 - g’B )/ (g2+g’2)

• Orthogonal combination to Z is massless photon

A 0 = (g’ W3+gB )/ (g2+g’2)

MW=MZ cos W
• Weak mixing angle defined
g g
cos W  sin W 
g 2  g 2 g 2  g 2
• Z = - sin WB + cosWW3
• A = cos WB + sinWW3
 More on SM Higgs Mechanism

• Generate mass for W,Z using Higgs mechanism

– Higgs VEV breaks SU(2) x U(1)U(1)em
– Single Higgs doublet is minimal case
 
• Just like Abelian Higgs model 1 i
i  
i

'  e v i    , z
– Goldstone Bosons 2
• Before spontaneous symmetry breaking:
– Massless Wi, B, Complex 
• After spontaneous symmetry breaking:
– Massive W,Z; massless ; physical Higgs boson h
 Fermi Model
• Current-current interaction of 4 fermions
LFERMI  2 2GF J  J 

• Consider just leptonic current

1  5  1  5 
J lept   e   e          hc
 2   2 
• Only left-handed fermions feel charged current weak
interactions (maximal P violation)
• This induces muon decay
  G2 s GF=1.16639 x 10-5 GeV-2

 e
e This structure known
since Fermi
 Fermion Multiplet Structure

• L couples to W (cf Fermi theory)

– Put in SU(2) doublets with weak isospin I3=1
• R doesn’t couple to W
– Put in SU(2) doublets with weak isospin I3=0
• Fix weak hypercharge to get correct coupling to photon
 Fermions in U(1) Theory

• Lagrangian is invariant under global U(1) symmetry

L   f (i  m f )
• Gauge the symmetry by requiring a local symmetry,
(x) iQ e
 e f

• Local symmetry requires minimal substitution

   D  iQ f eA (x)
 Coupling Fermions to SU(2) x U(1) Gauge
Fields
a Y
D     ig Wa  ig  B
2 2

• In terms of mass eigenstates

gg 
D     i
g
W    W    i
   1
 
Z  g 2 3  g 2Y  i 
A  3  Y 
2 2 2 g  g
2 2
2 g  g
2 2

• Re-arrange couplings
Y  I3 gg  e
Qem  e g
2 g 2  g 2 sin W

D     i
g
W 



 W    i
g
2 cos W
Z  I 3  2 sin 2 W   ieQA
2 2
 Now include Leptons

• Simplest case, include an SU(2) doublet of left-handed

leptons  1 
 L  (1   5 ) 
L   2 
 1 
 eL  (1   5 )e 
 2 

• Only right-handed electron, eR=(1+5)e/2 I3=1

– No right-handed neutrino
• Define weak hypercharge, Y, such that Qem=(I3+Y)/2
– YeL=-1
To make charge come out right
– Y R=-2
e

*Standard Model has massless neutrinos—discovery of non-zero

neutrino mass evidence for physics beyond the SM
 Leptons, 2
• By construction Isospin, I3, commutes with weak
hypercharge [I3,Y]=0
1  5 1  5
• Couple gauge fields to leptons  L  R 
g 2 2
  
Lleptons  eR i     i YB eR
 2 
 g g 
 L i      i YB  i  iWi L
 2 2 
• Write in terms of charged and neutral currents

Lleptons  (kinetic)  g W J    W J    Z  J Z  eA J em



J em  Qem e   e

J   
1

eL  L
2
J Z  
1
2 cos 
     
 L  L  eL   1  2 sin 2 W eL  eR  2 sin 2 W eR
 After spontaneous symmetry breaking….
• Couplings to leptons fixed:
e  e   :  ie   ieQe 
 g 
 eW :  i  (1   5 )
2 2
g
 Z  :  i   (1   5 )
4
  Re (1   5 )  Le (1   5 )
 g
e eZ : i
4 cos W

Le=I3-2Qemsin2W
Re=-2Qemsin2W
Higgs VEV Conserves Electric Charge

Y  I3 1 0 1 0 
Qem  Y    I 3   
2 0 1  0  1

1  0
    
2 v 

 1 0  0v 
Qem      0
 0 0 
 2 
 Muon decay

• Consider  e e
• Fermi Theory: • EW Theory:
   
W
e e
e e
1  5   1  5  ig 2 1  1  5   1  5 
 i 2 2GF g  u    u  u e   ue g u
    u u
 e   ue
 2   2  2 k 2  M W2  2   2 

For k<< MW, 22G=g2/2MW2

For k>> MW, 1/E2

 Higgs Parameters
• G measured precisely
GF g2 1
 2
 2 v 2  ( 2GF ) 1  (246GeV ) 2
2 8M W 2v

• Higgs potential has 2 free parameters, 2, 

V   2     (  ) 2
• Trade 2,  for v2, Mh2
2 2
Mh 2 Mh 3 Mh 4
2 2
V h  h  2 h v 2

2
2 2v 8v
 2v 2 
2
Mh
– Large Mh strong Higgs self-coupling
– A priori, Higgs mass can be anything
 Parameters of SU(2) x U(1) Sector

• g, g,,v, Mh  Trade for:

– =1/137.03599911(46) from (g-2)e and quantum Hall

effect
– GF=1.16637(1) x 10-5 GeV-2 from muon lifetime
– MZ=91.18760.0021 GeV
– Plus masses
 Decay widths trivial

f
• Calculate decay widths from:
1 2 1
Z
(V  ff )  A
2M V 8

– Z decays measured precisely at LEP f

GF M Z2
 ( Z   ) 
12 2
 
( Z  e e ) 
GF M Z2
12 2
Re  L2e
2

 Now Add Quarks to Standard Model
 uiL 
• Include color triplet quark doublet i=1,2,3 for color QL   
 diL 
– Right handed quarks are SU(2) singlets, uR=(1+5)u,
dR=(1+5)d
• With weak hypercharge Qem=(I3+Y)/2
– YuR=4/3, YdR=-2/3, YQL=1/3
• Couplings of charged current to W and Z’s take the form:
LZqq  
g
4 cos W
 
q   Lq (1   5 )  Rq (1   5 ) qZ  Lq  I 3  2Qem sin 2 W
Rq  2Qem sin 2 W
LW qq  
g
u   (1   5 )dW  d   (1   5 )uW 
2 2
 Fermions come in generations
u   
  u R , d R ,   , eR
 d L  e L
Except for
c  
  cR , s R ,   ,  R masses, the
 s L   L generations look
identical
t   
  t R , bR ,   ,  R
 b L   L
 Need Complete Generations

• Complete generations needed for anomaly

cancellation
• Triangle diverges; grows with energy
d nk 1
T 

(2 ) n k 3

• Anomaly independent of mass; depends only on gauge

properties T   Tr  t a , t b , t c 
i

i  1 for  L , R

Sensible theories can’t have anomalies

 Anomalies, 2
• Standard Model Particles:
Particle SU(3) SU(2)L U(1)Y

(uR,dR) 3 2 1/3

uR 3 1 -1/3

dR 3 1 1/3

(L,eL) 1 2 -1

eR 1 1 2

• V=B, A=Wa (SU(2) gauge bosons)

2 2
2  1
T Q  N c N g 1   N c N g  1    N g  11  0
2 2
3 em
3  3

• Nc=3 is number of colors; Ng is number of generations

• Anomaly cancellation requires complete generation
 Gauge boson self-interactions
1 1
• Yang-Mills for gauge fields: LYM   W W a ,   B B 
4
a

Wa   Wa   Wa  g abcWbWc

B    B   B

• In terms of physical fields:

1 2
LYM     A   A  ie (WW  WW )
4
2
1 c
   Z   Z   ie W (WW  WW )
4 sW
2
1   c
  W   W  ie (W A  W A )  ie W (W Z  W Z  )
2 sW

• Triple and quartic gauge boson couplings fundamental

prediction of model  Related to each other
 Consider W+W- pair production

Example: W+W- (p) W+(p+)

e(k) k=p-p+=p--q
 t-channel amplitude:
2
(q) W-(p-)
g k
At (vv  W W  )  i v (q)  (1   5 ) 2   (1   5 )u ( p)  ( p  ) ( p  )
8 k

 In center-of-mass frame:
p
s
1,0,0,1 s  ( p  q) 2
2

q
s
1,0,0,1 t  k 2  ( p  p) 2
2

p 
s
1,0, W sin  , W cos   W  1  4M W2 / s
2

p 
s
1,0, W sin  , W cos  
2
 W+W- pair production, 2

 Interesting physics is in the longitudinal W sector:

g 2 p 
 M 2

 
At (vv  WL WL )  i v (q)k (1   5 )u ( p)  

 O W

2
4M W MW  s 

 Use Dirac Equation: pu(p)=0

  2  M 2

At (vv  WL WL )  2GF2 s 2 sin 2   O W 
 s 
Grows with energy
 W+W- pair production, 3
 SM has additional contribution from s-channel Z exchange
  k  k 
As (  W W  )  i
g2
4(s  M Z2 )
v ( q )  (1   5 )u ( p ) g 
M Z2
 
 g  ( p   p  )  g  ( p   k )   g  ( p   k )   ( p  )  ( p  )
 

 For longitudinal W’s

  g2 (p) W+(p+)
As (  WL WL )  i v ( q )( p 
 p 
)(1   5 )u ( p)
4M W2
Z(k)
(q) W-(p-)

g2  
As (vv  WL WL )  i 2
v (q)k (1   5 )u ( p)
4M W
Contributions which grow with
energy cancel between t- and s- Depends on special form of 3-gauge
channel diagrams boson couplings
Feynman Rules for Gauge Boson Vertices
p-
gW W  e
pZ
igW W V V  ( p  , p  , pZ )
gW W Z  e cot W
p+
V  ( p  , p  , pZ )  ( p   p  ) g   ( p   pZ )  g   ( pZ  p  ) g 


 igW W VV 2 g  g   g  g   g  g   gW W  e 2
gW WZ  e 2 cot W
gW W ZZ  e 2 cot 2 W


ig 2 2 g  g   g  g   g  g  
 No deviations from SM at LEP2
No evidence for Non-SM
3 gauge boson vertices

Contribution which grows

LEP EWWG, hep-ex/0312023
like me2s cancels between
Higgs diagram and others
 What about fermion masses?

• Fermion mass term: Forbidden by


L  m  m L L  R R   SU(2)xU(1) gauge
• Left-handed fermions are SU(2) doublets u  invariance
QL   
 d L
• Scalar couplings to fermions:
Ld  d QL d R  h.c.
• Effective Higgs-fermion coupling
1  0 
Ld  d (u L , d L ) d R  h.c.
• Mass term for down quark:
2 v  h

Md 2
d  
v
 Fermion Masses, 2

• Mu from c=i2* (not allowed in SUSY)

 0 
    
*

  Mu 2
u  
v
L  u QL *u R  hc
• For 3 generations, , =1,2,3 (flavor indices)
(v  h)
LY      
u u u
L R  d d L d R   h.c.
  

2  ,
 Fermion masses, 3
• Unitary matrices diagonalize mass matrices

u L  U u u Lm d L  U d d Lm

u R  Vu u Rm d R  Vd d Rm

– Yukawa couplings are diagonal in mass basis

– Neutral currents remain flavor diagonal
– Not necessarily true in models with extended Higgs
sectors
• Charged current:
1    1 m  
J   uL  d L  u L  (U u Vd ) d Lm
2 2
CKM matrix
 Review of Higgs Couplings

• Higgs couples to fermion mass

– Largest coupling is to heaviest fermion
L
mf
v
ffh  
mf
v
f L f R  f R f L h v=246 GeV

– Top-Higgs coupling plays special role?

– No Higgs coupling to neutrinos
• Higgs couples to gauge boson masses
 gM Z  4
L  gM W W  W h  Z Z  h  .... g2 
GF
8M W2 
e2

cos W 2 sin 2 W sin 2 W

• Only free parameter is Higgs mass!

• Everything is calculable….testable theory
Review of Higgs Boson Feynman Rules

• Higgs couples to heavy

particles
• No tree level coupling to
photons () or gluons (g)
• Mh2=2v2large Mh is strong
coupling regime
– Mh is parameter which
separates perturbative/non-
perturbative regimes
 Higgs Searches at LEP2
• LEP2 searched for e+e-Zh
• Rate turns on rapidly after threshold, peaks just above
threshold, 3/s
• Measure recoil mass of Higgs; result independent of Higgs
decay pattern
– Pe-=s/2(1,0,0,1)
– Pe+=s/2(1,0,0,-1)
– PZ=(EZ, pZ)
• Momentum conservation:
– (Pe-+Pe+-PZ)2=Ph2=Mh2
– s-2 s EZ+MZ2= Mh2
• LEP2 limit, Mh > 114.1 GeV
 Conclusion

• Standard Model consistent theory

– Well tested (see lectures 2&3)
– Theoretical issues (see lectures 4&5)