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    Workshop Technology: Lecture#5 By: Waleed Aslam

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Zeerak
    This document provides information about lathe and milling machines. It discusses the principle, parts, operations, and cutting speeds of lathe machines. It describes the bed, headstock, spindle, carriage, saddle, apron, compound rest, tool post, and tailstock as the principle parts of a lathe. It also discusses different lathe operations like turning, facing, knurling and threading. The document then covers the principle, parts and operations of milling machines, including different types of milling cutters and their effect on milled surfaces.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Workshop Technology: Lecture#5 By: Waleed Aslam

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Zeerak
    66 views41 pages
    This document provides information about lathe and milling machines. It discusses the principle, parts, operations, and cutting speeds of lathe machines. It describes the bed, headstock, spindle, carriage, saddle, apron, compound rest, tool post, and tailstock as the principle parts of a lathe. It also discusses different lathe operations like turning, facing, knurling and threading. The document then covers the principle, parts and operations of milling machines, including different types of milling cutters and their effect on milled surfaces.

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    Lec5-Lathe & Milling.pptx

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    This document provides information about lathe and milling machines. It discusses the principle, parts, operations, and cutting speeds of lathe machines. It describes the bed, headstock, spindle, carriage, saddle, apron, compound rest, tool post, and tailstock as the principle parts of a lathe. It also discusses different lathe operations like turning, facing, knurling and threading. The document then covers the principle, parts and operations of milling machines, including different types of milling cutters and their effect on milled surfaces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    66 views41 pages

    Workshop Technology: Lecture#5 By: Waleed Aslam

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Zeerak
    This document provides information about lathe and milling machines. It discusses the principle, parts, operations, and cutting speeds of lathe machines. It describes the bed, headstock, spindle, carriage, saddle, apron, compound rest, tool post, and tailstock as the principle parts of a lathe. It also discusses different lathe operations like turning, facing, knurling and threading. The document then covers the principle, parts and operations of milling machines, including different types of milling cutters and their effect on milled surfaces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 41

    1

    Workshop
    Technology
    LECTURE#5
    BY: WALEED ASLAM
    2

    Lathe Machine
    ITS PRINCIPLE, PARTS, OPERATIONS
    3
    PRINCIPLE OF LATHE MACHINE
    LATHE SIZE 4

     A-The length of the bed


     B-The Distance between centers
     C-Diameter of the work that can be turned over the ways
     D-The diameter of the work that can be turned over the cross-
    slide
    PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 5
    PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 6

    Bed and Ways


    Bed is the main body of the lathe made from sturdy cast iron. The
    ways are ground surfaces on the top side of bed on which the
    carriage and tailstock ride.
    PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 7
    Headstock and Spindle
     The headstock comprises the rectangular metal casting
    at the left end of the lathe .
     It contains the spindle shaft and it supports bearings
    and high/low speed shift lever and gears.
     Spindle is the main rotating shaft on which the chuck is
    mounted.
    PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 8
    Carriage and Saddle
     The carriage supports the cross-slide, compound and
    tool post.
     Moves along the ways under manual or power feed.
     Saddle rides across the top of the ways and the apron
     Carriage hand wheel moves the carriage along the
    ways.
    PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 9

     The Apron contains a drive mechanism to move the


    carriage along the ways, using hand or power feed.
     The cross-slide allows the tool to move toward or away
    from the operator, at a right angle to the axis of the
    lathe.
     The compound rest permits angular tool movement.
     The too post is used to mount the cutting tool.
    PRINCIPLE PARTS OF LATHE 10

    Tail Stock
     The tailstock is a movable fixture that mounts on the
    ways to support work between centers.
     It mounts the dead center (non-revolving) that supports
    the outer end of the work.
     It can also be fitted with cutting tools for drilling,
    reaming, and threading.
    TYPES OF LATHE 11

    Engine lathe
     Not production lathe, found in school shops, tool-
    rooms, and job shops
     Primarily for single piece or short runs
     Manually operated
    Special Types of Lathes 12

    Turret lathe
     Used when many duplicate parts required
     Equipped with multisided toolpost (turret) to which
    several different cutting tools mounted
    Special Types of Lathes 13

     Conventional/programmable lathe
     Operated as standard lathe or programmable lathe
    to automatically repeat machining operations
     2-axis (DRO) so can see exact location of cutting
    tool and workpiece in X and Z axes
     Computerized Numerically Controlled (CNC) lathes
     Cutting-tool movements controlled by computer-
    controlled program to perform sequence of
    operations automatically
    Lathe Operations 14
    Lathe Operations 15
    Feed Mechanism 16

     The feed mechanism is


    used to move carriage
    along the ways.
     The feed mechanism
    transmits power through a
    train of gears to the quick-
    change gear box.
     This regulates the distance
    the cutting tool travels per
    revolution of the spindle.
     The lettering on the index
    plate tells how to position
    the levers for various
    thread-cutting and feed
    combinations.
    Reading Assignment 17

     Read the topics


     Preparing the Lathe for Operations (26.3)
     Cleaning the Lathe (26.4)
     Lathe Safety (26.5)
    Lathe Tool Holders 18

     The rigid support and proper position of the tool is


    very necessary for accurate turning of the work
    piece.
     Tool holder holds the cutting tool, and is tightened
    with set screw.
     Single-point, High Speed Steel (HSS) cutter bit is
    used for most applications.
    Lathe Tool Holders 19

    Tool holder shapes


     Tool holders are made in straight, right-hand, and
    left-hand shapes.
    Lathe Tool Holders 20

     A turret holder is also used to hold tools.


     They can typically hold four cutter bits to perform
    different operations.
    Lathe Cutting Tools 21

     The shape of the cutting tool depends on the


    type of work; roughing or finishing, and on the
    metal which is to be machined.
     Most cutting tools are sharpened to cut in one
    direction.
     The round nose cutting tool is an exception and
    can cut in either direction.
    Lathe Cutting Tools 22

     Roughing Tools
     These tools are used to make deep cuts to remove
    considerable metal from a work-piece.
    Lathe Cutting Tools 23

     Finishing Tools
     Tool which is used to produce finishing cut/surface.
     Nose of the finishing tool is rounded than the nose
    of the roughing tool.
    Lathe Cutting Tools 24

     Facing Tool
     Used for facing the work piece
     It is ground to prevent interference with the tailstock
    center
     Round nose tool is designed for lighter turning.
    Cutting Speeds and Feeds 25

     The cutting speed and feed govern the time


    required to machine a piece of work and the
    quality of the surface finish.
     Cutting Speed indicates the distance the
    workpiece moves past the cutting tool.
     It is expressed in feet per minute (fpm) or meters
    per minute (mpm).
     If one long chip is cut using lathe, then the length
    of the chip cut in one minute (in feet or minute) is
    the cutting speed of the lathe.
    Cutting Speeds and Feeds 26

     Feed is the distance that the cutter moves


    lengthwise in one revolution of the work.
     There is a chart which shows the cutting speed
    and feed whose values depend on many factors
    such as:
     Cutting tool material
     Material being machined
     Depth of the cut
     Desired finish
     Rigidity of the workpiece
     Type of the coolant being used
    Cutting Speeds and Feeds 27
    Cutting Speeds and Feeds 28

     Roughing Cut:
     Roughing cut is done to reduce the work to its
    approximate required size.
     The work is left 1/32” or 0.08 mm oversize for the
    finishing operation.
     Since the finishing of the roughing cut is not
    important, highest speed and coarsest feed,
    consistent with safety and accuracy, is used.
    Cutting Speeds and Feeds 29

    Calculating Cutting Speeds


     Cutting Speed (CS) is given in fpm or mpm
     CS must be converted to Revolutions Per Minute
    (rpm) of the work to determine the required
    spindle speed to achieve that CS.
    Cutting Speeds and Feeds 30

    Calculating Cutting Speeds


     For inch based system:
     Rpm = (CS x 4)/D
     Where, D = Diameter of the work in inches
     For metric based system:
     Rpm = (CS x 1000)/(D x 𝜋)
    Cutting Speeds and Feeds 31

    Cutting Speed Problem:


     What spindle speed is required to finish 4”
    diameter aluminum alloy?
     CS = 1000 fpm (from chart)
     D = 4”
     Rpm = (CS x 4)/4 = (1000 x 4)/4 = 1000
    Cutting Speeds and Feeds 32

    Cutting Speed Problem:


     What spindle speed is required to finish-turn
    100mm diameter aluminum alloy?
     CS = 300 mpm (from chart)
     D = 100mm
     𝜋=3
     Rpm = 1000
    33

    Milling Machine
    ITS PRINCIPLE, PARTS, OPERATIONS
    34

    Parts Made with Milling Processes


    35
    PARTS OF MILLING MACHINE
    Milling: a
    process in which
    a rotating multi-
    tooth cutter
    removes
    material while
    traveling along
    various axes
    with respect to
    the workpiece.
    36
    OPERATIONS OF MILLING MACHINE
    Milling Cutters and Milling Operations 37

    Some basic types of milling cutters and milling operations. (a) Peripheral milling. (b) Face
    milling. (c) End milling. (d) Ball-end mill with indexable coated-carbide inserts machining
    a cavity in a die block. (e) Milling a sculptured surface with an end mill, using a five-axis
    numerical control machine. Source: (d) Courtesy of Iscar. (e) Courtesy of The Ingersoll
    Milling Machine Co.
    Effect of Insert Shape on Feed Marks on a Face-
    Milled Surface 38

    Schematic illustration of the effect of insert shape on feed marks on a face-milled surface: (a) small
    corner radius, (b) corner flat on insert, and (c) wiper, consisting of small radius followed by a large
    radius which leaves smoother feed marks. (d) Feed marks due to various insert shapes.
    39
    General Recommendations for Milling Operations
    40
    Machined Surface Features in Face Milling

    Machined surface features in face milling.


    41

    Thank you
    QUESTIONS?

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