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    Typhus: Gaol Fever, Epidemic Typhus Tabradillo, War Fever, Jail Fever

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    D'ale lui Vlad
    Typhus is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii which is transmitted to humans through the bites of human body lice; the disease causes high fever, headache, and rash and if left untreated can be fatal, though antibiotic treatment is usually effective. The document provides an overview of typhus including its history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.

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    Typhus: Gaol Fever, Epidemic Typhus Tabradillo, War Fever, Jail Fever

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    D'ale lui Vlad
    26 views24 pages
    Typhus is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii which is transmitted to humans through the bites of human body lice; the disease causes high fever, headache, and rash and if left untreated can be fatal, though antibiotic treatment is usually effective. The document provides an overview of typhus including its history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.

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    Febra tifoida

    Original Title

    Typhus Fever

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    Typhus is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii which is transmitted to humans through the bites of human body lice; the disease causes high fever, headache, and rash and if left untreated can be fatal, though antibiotic treatment is usually effective. The document provides an overview of typhus including its history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.

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    26 views24 pages

    Typhus: Gaol Fever, Epidemic Typhus Tabradillo, War Fever, Jail Fever

    Uploaded by

    D'ale lui Vlad
    Typhus is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii which is transmitted to humans through the bites of human body lice; the disease causes high fever, headache, and rash and if left untreated can be fatal, though antibiotic treatment is usually effective. The document provides an overview of typhus including its history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.

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    Typhus

    Gaol Fever, Epidemic


    Typhus Tabradillo,
    War Fever, Jail Fever
    Overview
    • Organism
    • History
    • Epidemiology
    • Transmission
    • Disease in Humans
    • Prevention and Control

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    The Organism
    The Organism
    • Rickettsia prowazekii
    − Obligateintracellular bacteria
    − Pleiomorphic rods
    − Susceptible to moist
    heat and dry heat

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    History
    History
    • 1489: Arrival in Europe
    − Soldiers returning from Cyprus
    • 1557-59: Outbreak in England
    − Killed10% of the population
    − Poor sanitation

    • 1880
    − Typhoid bacillus identified

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    History
    • 17th-19th century
    − Epidemics in Europe as a
    result of war, disaster, or in prisoners
    • 1909: Transmission by lice
    • 1917-1925: Russia
    − Estimated 25 million cases
    • End of WWII
    − DDT used for control
    − Vaccine developed
    Center for Food Security and Public Health
    Iowa State University - 2004
    Epidemiology
    Epidemiology
    • United States
    − 30 cases since 1975
    • Africa
    − 1997: Burundi 1997
     20,000 cases from Jan. to March
    • Most common in people
    living under unhygienic conditions
    − Refugee camps

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Transmission
    Transmission
    • Human body louse
    − Pediculus humanus corporis
    − Infective for 2-3 days
    − Infection acquired by feeding on
    infected person
    − Excrete R. prowazeki in
    feces at time of feeding
    − Lice die within 2 weeks

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Transmission
    • Louse feces rubbed into
    bite or superficial abrasions
    • Inhalation of feces
    • Sylvatic typhus
    − Flyingsquirrel
    − 30 human cases in
    eastern and central U.S.

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Transmission
    • Humans or flying squirrel required
    for life cycle
    − Organism dies with louse
    − Not transferred transovarially
    − Host responsible for maintaining
    infection
    • No person-to-person
    transmission

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Disease in Humans
    Clinical Symptoms
    • Incubation: 7-14 days
    • High fever, chills, headache,
    cough, severe myalgia
    − May lead to coma
    • Macular eruption
    − 5-6 days after onset
    − Initially on upper trunk, spreads to
    entire body
     Except face, palms and soles of feet
    Center for Food Security and Public Health
    Iowa State University - 2004
    Diagnosis
    • Initial diagnosis
    − Clinical
    signs and history
    − Laboratory tests not diagnostic

    • Confirmatory diagnosis
    − Culture
    − Serology
    − Biopsy
    − PCR

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Brill-Zinsser Disease
    • Occurs years after primary attack
    − Person previously affected or lived in
    endemic area
    − Viable retained organisms reactivated
    − Milder symptoms
     Febrile phase 7-10 days
    − Rashoften absent
    − Low mortality rate

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Treatment
    • Chloramphenicol
    • Tetracycline
    − Doxycycline 200mg
    • Response within 48 hrs. usually
    • Vaccine
    − Developedafter WWII
    − Not commercially available

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Prognosis
    • Case fatality rate
    − 1-20% with antibiotic treatment
    − Up to 100% without treatment
    − Increases with age

    • One attack usually confers long


    lasting immunity

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Prevention and
    Control
    Prevention and Control
    • Treat clothing and bedding
    − 160 degrees for one hour
    • Chemical control
    − Permethrin(0.5%) temephos (2%),
    popoxur (1%) and carbaryl (5%)
    • Biosafety level 3
    − Handling infectious materials, lice,
    carcasses
    • Proper hygiene
    Center for Food Security and Public Health
    Iowa State University - 2004
    Typhus as Biological Weapon
    • Readily available
    • Stable in lice feces for weeks
    • Aerosolized
    • World Health Organization
    − 50kg of aerosolized typhus
    − City of 5 million would result in
     300,000 people exposed in 30 minutes
     125,000 people sick
     8,000 deaths
    Center for Food Security and Public Health
    Iowa State University - 2004
    Acknowledgments
    Development of this
    presentation was funded
    by a grant from the
    Centers for Disease Control
    and Prevention to the
    Center for Food Security
    and Public Health at Iowa
    State University.

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004
    Acknowledgments
    Author: Jamie Snow, DVM, MPH

    Co-author: Radford Davis, DVM, MPH

    Reviewer: Gayle Brown, DVM, PhD

    Center for Food Security and Public Health


    Iowa State University - 2004

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