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    CHEM1020-Examples For Chapters 8-9-10

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    احمد الدلال
    This document provides 3 examples of solving equilibrium problems: 1) A problem involving the equilibrium I2 ⇌ 2I is solved by simplifying the equilibrium expression since the Keq value is very small. 2) A similar problem cannot be simplified since the initial concentration and Keq value are too close. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write balanced chemical equations and ionic equations for redox reactions involving magnesium, sodium, silver, and other ions. State symbols are included.

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    CHEM1020-Examples For Chapters 8-9-10

    Uploaded by

    احمد الدلال
    63 views26 pages
    This document provides 3 examples of solving equilibrium problems: 1) A problem involving the equilibrium I2 ⇌ 2I is solved by simplifying the equilibrium expression since the Keq value is very small. 2) A similar problem cannot be simplified since the initial concentration and Keq value are too close. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write balanced chemical equations and ionic equations for redox reactions involving magnesium, sodium, silver, and other ions. State symbols are included.

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    CHEM1020-Examples for Chapters 8-9-10

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    This document provides 3 examples of solving equilibrium problems: 1) A problem involving the equilibrium I2 ⇌ 2I is solved by simplifying the equilibrium expression since the Keq value is very small. 2) A similar problem cannot be simplified since the initial concentration and Keq value are too close. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write balanced chemical equations and ionic equations for redox reactions involving magnesium, sodium, silver, and other ions. State symbols are included.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    63 views26 pages

    CHEM1020-Examples For Chapters 8-9-10

    Uploaded by

    احمد الدلال
    This document provides 3 examples of solving equilibrium problems: 1) A problem involving the equilibrium I2 ⇌ 2I is solved by simplifying the equilibrium expression since the Keq value is very small. 2) A similar problem cannot be simplified since the initial concentration and Keq value are too close. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write balanced chemical equations and ionic equations for redox reactions involving magnesium, sodium, silver, and other ions. State symbols are included.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 26

    CHEM1020

    Examples
    Chapters 8, 9, 10
    Example 1:
    If 48 moles of ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH)2, is dissolved
    in 5.0kg of water. What is the boiling point of the
    solution?
    • ∆Tb = m  Kb
    • Kb = 0.52oC/m (a constant for water)
    • Molality = m = moles solute/kg solvent

    ∆Tbp = (48 moles) (0.52oC/molal)


    (5.0 Kg)

    ∆Tb = 5.0 oC New BP = 100 + 5 = 105 oC


    Q. The boiling point of a solution containing 40.0 g of an unknown
    substance dissolved in 100.0 g of water is 105.3 oC . Calculate the
    molar mass of the compound.

    Since the solvent is water, the change in temperature (DT) would be 105.3 - 100.0
    oC = 5.3 oC. You can also find the k in the table in your textbook, k = 0.512 oC
    b b
    kg/mol.

    From this data, you can calculate the molality:


    m = DTb / kb = 5.3 oC / 0.512 oC kg/mol = 10.4 mol/kg

    Molality is also defined as the moles of solute per kg of solvent:


    m = n /(kg solvent), can be rearranged to be n = m (kg of solvent)
    n = 10.4 mol /kg (0.1000 kg) = 1.04 mol of solute

    The molar mass can be calculated by using the equation, MW = m/n


    MW = 40.0 g / 1.04 mol = 38.5 g/mol
    SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.7 Determining the Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing
    Point Depression of a Solution

    PROBLEM: You add 1.00 kg of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze to your car
    radiator, which contains 4450 g of water. What are the boiling and
    freezing points of the solution?
    PLAN: Find the # mols of ethylene glycol; m of the solution; multiply by the
    boiling or freezing point constant; add or subtract, respectively, the
    changes from the boiling point and freezing point of water.

    SOLUTION:
    mol C2H6O2
    1.00x103 g C2H6O2 = 16.1 mol C2H6O2
    62.07 g C2H6O2
    16.1 mol C2H6O2
    = 3.62 m C2H6O2
    4.450 kg H2O

    DTbp = 0.512 0C/m x 3.62m = 1.850C DTfp = 1.86 0C/m x 3.62m =6.73

    BP = 101.85 0C FP = -6.73 0C
    What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in
    3202 g of water? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01 g.

    DTf = Kf m Kf water = 1.86 oC/m


    1 mol
    478 g x
    moles of solute 62.01 g
    m = = = 2.41 m
    mass of solvent (kg) 3.202 kg solvent

    DTf = Kf m = 1.86 oC/m x 2.41 m = 4.48 oC


    DTf = T f 0– Tf
    Tf = T f 0– DTf = 0.00 oC – 4.48 oC = -4.48 oC
    5
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 1
    • Step 1
    • Write word equation and chemical formula.
    • Silver nitrate + sodium chloride  silver chloride + sodium
    nitrate

    AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)  AgCl (s) + Na NO3 (aq)

    6
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 1
    • Step 2
    • Write formula of ions formed

    AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)  AgCl (s) + Na


    NO3 (aq)

    Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 


    AgCl (s) + Na+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
    Not able to dissolve in water to form ions
    7
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 1
    • Step 3
    • Omit spectator ions (NO3- and Na+ appear both
    sides. Do not take part in the reaction. Can
    be cancelled)

    Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 


    AgCl (s) + Na+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

    Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)  AgCl (s)

    8
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 2
    • Step 1
    • Write word equation and chemical formula.
    • Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid  sodium chloride +
    water

    NaOH (aq)+ HCl (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

    9
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 2
    • Step 2
    • Write formula of ions formed

    NaOH (aq)+ HCl (aq)  NaCl (aq)


    + H2O (l)

    Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 


    Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)
    Covalent compound. Does not form ions
    10
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 2
    • Step 3
    • Omit spectator ions (Na+ and Cl- appear both
    sides. Do not take part in the reaction. Can
    be cancelled)

    Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 


    Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)

    H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)  H2O (l)

    11
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 3
    • Step 1
    • Write word equation and chemical formula.
    • Sodium carbonate + dilute hydrochloric acid  sodium
    chloride + water + carbon dioxide

    Na2CO3 (aq)+ 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl


    (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

    12
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 3
    • Step 2
    • Write formula of ions formed

    Na2CO3 (aq)+ 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl


    (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
    2Na+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
     2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

    13
    Writing ionic equations
    Example 3
    • Step 3
    • Omit spectator ions (Na+ and Cl- appear both
    sides. Do not take part in the reaction. Can
    be cancelled)

    2Na+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)


     2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

    2H+ (aq) + CO3- (aq)  CO2 (g) + H2O (l)


    14
    Write balanced chemical equations and then the ionic
    equations (with state symbols) for the following
    questions.

    1 Magnesium + sulfuric acid 


    magnesium sulfate + hydrogen

    2 Sodium hydroxide + nitric acid  Sodium


    nitrate + water

    15
    Write balanced chemical equations and then the ionic
    equations (with state symbols) for the following
    questions.
    3 Magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid 
    Magnesium chloride + water

    4 Silver nitrate solution + potassium iodide


    solution  silver iodide (AgI is insoluble)
    + potassium nitrate

    16
    Answers in red box
    (take a peek only after you’ve done
    the questions in your notes. Your
    integrity counts!)

    17
    1. Magnesium + sulfuric acid 
    magnesium sulfate + hydrogen

    Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

    Mg (s) + 2H+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)  Mg2+ (aq)


    + SO42- (aq) + H2 (g)

    Mg (s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g)

    18
    2. Sodium hydroxide + nitric acid 
    Sodium nitrate + water

    NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

    Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) 


    Na+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + H2O (l)

    OH- (aq) + H+ (aq)  H2O (l)

    19
    3. Magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid 
    Magnesium chloride + water

    MgO (s) + 2HCl (aq)  MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)

    MgO (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) +


    2Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)

    MgO (s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l)

    20
    4. Silver nitrate + potassium iodide  silver
    iodide + potassium nitrate

    AgNO3 (aq) + KI (aq)  AgI (s) + KNO3 (aq)

    Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + K+ (aq) + I- (aq) 


    AgI (s) + K+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

    Ag+ (aq) + I- (aq)  AgI (s)

    21
    Example

    Initial Concentration of I2: 0.50 mol/2.5L = 0.20 M More than 3


    I2 2I orders of mag.
    [ I ]2
    Initial 0.20 0 Keq   2.94 x10 10 between these
    [I2 ] numbers. The
    change -x +2x 2 simplification will
    [ 2 x ]
    equil: 0.20-x 2x   2.94 x10 10 work here.
    [0.20  x]
    With an equilibrium constant that small, whatever x is, it’s near
    dink, and 0.20 minus dink is 0.20 (like a million dollars minus a
    nickel is still a million dollars).
    0.20 – x is the same as 0.20

    [2 x]2 10
     2.94 x10 x = 3.83 x 10-6 M
    0.20
    22
    Example

    Initial Concentration of I2: 0.50 mol/2.5L = 0.20 M


    I2 2I
    [ I ]2
    Initial 0.20 0 Keq   0.209 These are too close to
    [I 2 ] each other ...
    change -x +2x 2 0.20-x will not be
    0.20-x 2x [2 x]
    equil:   0.209 trivially close to 0.20
    [0.20  x] here.

    Looks like this one has to proceed through the quadratic ...

    23
    Solubility Product Principle
    • Example: Find the concentration of ions present in
    calcium fluoride (in water) and the molar solubility.
    CaF2(s) --> Ca+2 + 2 F-
    Ksp = [Ca+2] [F-]2 = 2 X 10 -10

    If x = [Ca+2 ], then [F-] = 2x


    [x] [2x]2 = 2 X 10 -10
    4x3 = 2 X 10 -10
    x3 = 5 X 10 -11
    x = 3.68 X 10 -4

    [Ca+2 ] = x = 3.68 X 10 -4 [F-] = 2x = 7.37 X 10 -4

    Solubility of CaF2 = 3.68 X 10 -4

    24
    CALCULATIONS INVOLVING Kc
    •

    Example 1
    One mole of ethanoic acid reacts with one mole of ethanol at 298K. When equilibrium is
    reached it is found that two thirds of the acid has reacted. Calculate the value of Kc.

    CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l)

    moles (initially) 1 1 0 0
    moles (at equilibrium) 1 - 2/3 1 - 2/3 2/3 2/3
    equilibrium concs. 1/3 / V 1/3 / V 2/3 / V 2/3 / V

    V = volume (dm3) of the equilibrium mixture

    Kc = [CH3COOC2H5] [H2O] = 2/3 / V . 2/3 / V = 4


    [CH3COOH] [C2H5OH] 1/3 / V . 1/3 / V
    CALCULATIONS INVOLVING Kc
    Example 2
    Consider the equilibrium P + 2Q R + S (all species are aqueous)
    One mole of P and one mole of Q are mixed. Once equilibrium has been achieved 0.6
    moles of P are present. How many moles of Q, R and S are present at equilibrium ?

    P + 2Q R + S
    Initial moles 1 1 0 0
    At equilibrium 0·6 0·2 0·4 0·4
    (0·4 reacted) (2 x 0·4 reacted) (get 1 R and 1 S for every P that reacts)
    1- 0·6 remain 1- 0·8 remain

    Explanation • if 0.6 mol of P remain of the original 1 mol, 0.4 mol have reacted
    • the equation states that 2 moles of Q react with every 1 mol of P
    • this means that 0.8 (2 x 0.4) mol of Q have reacted, leaving 0.2 mol
    • one mol of R and S are produced from every mol of P that reacts
    • this means 0.4 mol of R and 0.4 mol of S are present at equilibrium

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