Multiple Riser Configurations Top-Tensioned Risers Hybrid Riser System

Multiple Riser Configurations Top-Tensioned Risers Hybrid Riser System
1
RISERS – ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Risers:- A short Outlook

 Conduits to transfer materials from the seafloor to production and drilling
facilities atop the water's surface
 Transfer materials from the facility to the seafloor, subsea risers are a type
of pipeline developed for this type of vertical transportation.
 Serving as production or import/export vehicles, risers are the connection
between the subsea field developments and production and drilling facilities.
 Similar to pipelines or flow lines, risers transport produced hydrocarbons, as
well as production materials, such as injection fluids, control fluids and gas
lift.
 Insulated to withstand seafloor temperatures, risers can be either rigid or
flexible.
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Risers:- A short Outlook
 Attached Risers – Used on Fixed Platforms, Concrete gravity Structures & Compliant
Towers.
 Steel Catenary Risers – Connect Seafloor facilities to production facilities above as
well as two floating production platforms.
 Top Tensioned Risers – Completely vertical systems that terminate directly below the
facility.
 Flexible & Hybrid Risers – Ideal for floating facilities as vertical & horizontal
movement take place.
 Single Line Offset Risers – Relatively new, consists of a vertical steel riser section
connected by a jumper to the production vessel.
 Drilling Risers – Connect the subsea BOP stack at the bottom to the rig at the top, and
transport the drilling fluid to surface.
3
Introduction to Riser Systems

Attached risers are deployed on fixed platforms, compliant towers and concrete gravity
structures. Attached risers are clamped to the side of the fixed facilities, connecting the
seabed to the production facility above. Usually fabricated in sections, the riser section
closest to the seafloor is joined with a flow line or export pipeline, and clamped to the side
of the facility. The next sections rise up the side of the facility, until the top riser section is
joined with the processing equipment atop the facility.
Pull tube risers (used on fixed structures ) are pipelines or flow lines that are threaded up
the center of the facility. For pull tube risers, a pull tube with a diameter wider than the
riser is preinstalled on the facility. Then, a wire rope is attached to a pipeline or flow line
on the seafloor. The line is then pulled through the pull tube to the topsides, bringing the
pipe along with it.
Steel catenary risers use this curve theory, as well. Used to connect the seafloor to
production facilities above, as well as connect two floating production platforms, steel
catenary risers are common on TLPs, FPSOs and spars, as well as fixed structures,
compliant towers and gravity structures. While this curved riser can withstand some
motion, excessive movement can cause problems.
4

Used on TLPs and spars, top-tensioned risers are a completely vertical riser system that
terminates directly below the facility. Although moored, these floating facilities are able to
move laterally with the wind and waves. Because the rigid risers are also fixed to the
seafloor, vertical displacement occurs between the top of the riser and its connection point
on the facility. There are two solutions for this issue. A motion compensator can be
included in the top-tensioning riser system that keeps constant tension on the riser by
expanding and contracting with the movements of the facility. Also, buoyancy cans, can be
deployed around the outside of the riser to keep it afloat. Then the top of the rigid vertical
top-tensioned riser is connected to the facility by flexible pipe, which is better able to
accommodate the movements of the facility.
Riser towers were built to lift the risers the considerable height to reach the FPSO on the
water's surface. Ideal for ultra-deep water environments, this riser design incorporates a
steel column tower that reaches almost to the surface of the water, and this tower is
topped with a massive buoyancy tank. The risers are located inside the tower, spanning the
distance from the seafloor to the top of the tower and the buoyancy tanks. The buoyancy
of the tanks keeps the risers tensioned in place. Flexible risers are then connected to the
vertical risers and ultimately to the facility above.
5
A hybrid that can accommodate a number of

different situations, flexible risers can withstand
both vertical and horizontal movement, making them
ideal for use with floating facilities. This flexible
pipe was originally used to connect production
equipment aboard a floating facility to production
and export risers, but now it is found as a primary
riser solution as well. There are a number of
configurations for flexible risers, including the steep
S and lazy S that utilize anchored buoyancy modules,
Hybrid Riser System
as well as the steep wave and lazy wave that
incorporates buoyancy modules.
6
While production and import/export risers transfer hydrocarbons and production materials
during the production phase of development; drilling risers transfer mud to the surface
during drilling activities. Connected to the subsea BOP stack at the bottom and the rig at
the top, drilling risers temporarily connect the wellbore to the surface to ensure drilling
fluids to not leak into the water.
7
Objectives
 Impart an understanding in the function, technology, design of riser systems.

 Introduce tools and methodologies required for global riser analysis.
 Review basic pipe mechanics and summarize standard fatigue analysis
methods.
 Describe ocean environment, wave models, and vessel motions.
 Provide understanding of riser response and vortex induced vibration.
8
Design Requirements and Considerations

Riser configuration design shall be performed according to the production requirement and
site-specified. Static analysis shall be carried out to determine the configuration. The
following basis can be taken into account while determining the riser configuration:
 Global behavior and geometry

 Cross sectional properties
 Means of support
 Material
 costs
 Structural integrity, rigidity and continuity
The riser system must be arranged so that the external loading is kept within acceptable
limits with regard to:
 Tension
 Bending
 Torsion
 Compression
 Interference
9
Design Requirements and Considerations - Layout
 The first step in riser design is to develop to address the pipeline approaches towards the
platform in close co-operation with the Client.
 Next for each individual pipeline a routing for the riser through the jacket bracing has to
be established.
 The riser must be routed close enough to the main jacket legs or bracing members such
that it can be supported at regular intervals.
 Routing the riser alongside a main leg allows supports to be spaced at almost any desired
interval.
 Large diameter risers sometimes only need to be supported at plan bracing elevations.
 Smaller diameter risers may have to be housed in (or outside) a caisson in order to
provide adequate support. In developing a layout all bends in the riser should be bent at
a five diameters bend radius or more, to permit pigging operations.
10
Design Requirements and Considerations – Anchor Point

 The ideal riser design incorporated a long straight run of pipe down the platform face,
the dead weight of the pipe is hung in tension on an anchor flange above waterline.
 Above and below this anchor flange, riser supports are then designed to allow the riser
to lengthen axially due to the pressure and temperature increase caused by the hot
fluid flow.
 Movement downwards form the anchor point is then restrained only by the bending
stiffness of the horizontal run at the jacket base.
 A carefully planned layout can considerably reduce the bending stresses caused by
expansion and ensure that the riser is never in nett axial compression.
11
Design Requirements and Considerations - Protection
 The protection of the risers in the splash zone is particularly important as the risers
must be protected against possible boat impact. Either the riser must be protected in
the splash zone or routed behind a jacket structural member.
 Risers should never be supported from a member susceptible to ship impact damage.
 Routing must also bear in mind that risers will be inspected annually and they should
thus not be routed too far inside the structure such that diver access will be difficult.
 Following the piper Alpha disaster it is prudent to route the risers as far away from the
living quarters as possible. This is to prevent the consequence of jet fires.
12
Design Requirements and Considerations – Connection to Pipeline

 Exit from the jacket structure at seabed level will be dependent upon subsea pipeline
routing.
 It should also be borne in mind that the riser, when pre-installed, must have adequate
clearance form the (substructure) transportation barge.
 The riser termination should have sufficient clearance from the jacket and other risers
for a hyperbaric chamber, if welded to the pipeline.
 There will be a limited number of suitable locations for routing the riser through the
jacket structure and it is important that the topsides layout engineers are made aware
of these restrictions.
Inspection Aspects
 In order to facilitate easy riser inspection it is recommended to leave 1m clearance

between the riser and its nearest obstruction.
Intelligent Pigging
 In the selection of the internal or external diameter due consideration should be given
to intelligently pigging. As a consequence it is recommended to maintain constant
internal diameter and change the external diameter in accordance with the required
wall thickness.
13
Riser System Components

Riser joints
 A riser joint is constructed of seamless pipe with mechanical connectors welded on the
ends.
 Kill/choke lines are attached to the riser by extended flanges of the connector.
 The riser can be run in a manner similar to drill pipes by stabbing one stalk at a time into
the string and tightening the connector.
Flexible joints
 Flexible joints allow limited angular motion of the riser. In some cases, these flexible
joints may be a series of ball joints.
 Pressure compensated flexible joints should be used to decrease the torque required to
deflect the joint.
 The forces acting on the joint push the inner ball against the outer casing, causing the
joint to bind.
 To decrease the required torque hydraulic fluid is injected to spread apart and lubricate
the moving parts. With the large area involved, relatively small pressure are required.
14
Riser System Components
Slip joints
 A slip joint comprises two concentric cylinders or barrels that telescope.

 The outer barrel is attached to the marine riser, and the riser is held in tension by wire
ropes from the outer barrel to the tensioner.
Buoyancy modules
 Buoyancy modules can be attached to the riser to decrease the tension required at the
surface.
 These modules may be thin-walled air cans or fabricated syntactic foam modules that are
strapped to the riser.
 These buoyancy modules require careful design and the material for their
 construction needs to be selected appropriately so as to ensure that they have a long-
term resistance to water absorption.
15
Riser System Components (Auxiliary Components)

End Fittings
 The end fittings provide the important function of ensuring that the riser loads (in
tension, bending and torsion) are satisfactorily resisted whilst ensuring that a
comprehensive sealing system is attached both radially and axially.
 The adequacy of terminations must be determined through careful detailed design,
prototype as well as through in-service experience.
Bending stiffener
 This is normally located at the bottom and top connections. The purpose is to provide
additional resistance to over-bending of the riser at critical points (such as the ends of
the riser, where the stiffness is increased to infinity).
16
Design Codes
 API 16Q for drilling riser
 API 2RD for production riser attached to floating systems
 API 17B for flexible pipes
 ISO 13628-5 for steel tube umbilical
 API 17A: Design and operation of subsea production systems
 API 17B: Flexible pipe
 API 17C: Through flow line systems
 API 17D: Subsea wellhead and Christmas tree equipment
 API 17E: Subsea production control umbilical
 API 17G: Design and operation of completion/work over riser systems
 API 17I: Installation of subsea umbilical
 API 17J: Un-bonded flexible pipe
 API 17K: Bonded flexible pipe
17
References:
Petroleum and natural gas industries ISO 13628
(Design and operation of subsea production systems)
 Part 1:General requirements and recommendations
Part 2: Un-bonded flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications
Part 3: Through flow line (TFL) systems
Part 4: Subsea wellhead and tree equipment
 Part 5: Subsea umbilical
Part 6: Subsea production control systems
Part 7: Completion/work over riser systems
Part 8: Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) interfaces on subsea production
 systems
 Part 9: Remotely Operated Tool (ROT) intervention systems
Part 10: Specification for bonded flexible pipe
 Part 11: Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications
ISO 14723 - (Pipeline transportation systems)

 Subsea pipeline valves
ISO 13624 - (Drilling and production equipment)

 Part 1: Design and operation of marine drilling riser equipment
18
Loadings:
A comprehensive analysis of risers and attachments require the structural checking for many
different loading conditions. These conditions can be categorized as follows
 Functional loads (risers)

 Transportation and installation loads
 Environmental loads
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Loadings: Functional Loads on Riser
 Weights - For riser assessment the consequences of the following weights will have to be
determined: self weight, contents (water), buoyancy and marine growth corrosion
protection, flanges and supports.
 Internal pressure - The internal design pressure should be equal to the pressure
specified in IP6** of 1.5 times the maximum working pressure. The maximum working
pressure is to be used when combined with the extreme environmental condition. It
should be noted that hydrostatic testing in the fabrication yard with the riser filled with
water can be the limiting equivalent static stress check for the riser.
 External hydrostatic pressure - The external pressure will only be of importance for
thin-walled, empty risers (or gas-risers) in deeper water.
 Thermal expansion - Through proper layout (see prev. slides) the effects of temperature
differentials between the internal riser contents and exterior can be minimized.
 Subsea Movements - The loads imposed by the pipeline on the bottom end of the riser
due to pipeline expansion or pipeline scour or permanent platform displacement are to
be incorporated.
 Topsides interaction - The relative displacement of the piping system on the deck may
have an effect on the riser.
 Slug Loading - This condition will occur when pigging the pipeline.
** Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe Practice, Part 6 Pipeline Safety Code
20
Loadings: Transportation & Installation Loads
Transportation
 Roll, heave, pitch, yaw and sway accelerations during transportation can be predicted
by linear motion theory. Predicted accelerations need to be resolved from space-
centered axes into body-centered axes. Beam seas, head seas, and quartering seas
should be considered although seas will generally produce the highest accelerations.
 Maximum resolved body forces are unlikely to exceed 0.75g. Parts of the structure (e.g.
bottle sections, buoyancy tubes) may enter the water during transportation. Here it
should be noted that linear theory will over predict accelerations but that model test
data will give more realistic predictions.
 Furthermore risers and attachments may be subjected to wave slam which should be
properly addressed.
Launch and Upending

 Launch of a jacket off a barge can cause slam of the order of 5-10m/s as the top of the
jacket enters the water. The maximum loading on an attachment will depend on the
direction of impact.
 Maximum hydrodynamic loads should also be considered. Upending of self-floating tower
structure may include 45° roll (as Magnus) which will cause significant slam loadings
over the full height of the structure.
21
Loadings: Transportation & Installation Loads (Cont..)
Pile Driving Vibrations
In the past there have been various occurrences of damage to a platform as a

result of pile driving. This damage could be on pile sleeves, anodes, grout ports
etc. It should be recognized that high capacity piles require some 5000 blows
per pile and that local acceleration due to driving can be as high as 100g. The
trend to apply vertical piles will remedy the severity of these accelerations. The
subject of fatigue of anode supports due to pile driving has to be addressed.
In order to reduce damage to supports and attachments the following recommendation are
made:-
 Apply larger diameter pipes and/or doubler plates for anode supports
 Use welding rather than bolting
 Employ half round pipes for grout distribution ring
 Arrange the routing of attachments away from the pile sleeves
 Check recent project design briefs on this subject
22
Loadings: Environmental Loads
The design should include the following design checks.
 Check against the wave loads for the design winter storm. Water particle velocities can
be extracted for wave grid runs for the structure. Because attachments are small, drag
forces should predominate.
 The drag coefficient used in platform design (CD = 0.7) is significantly smaller then
measured in a laboratory environment. Its justification is that it leads to realistic total
platform leading and most platform members are governed more by total rather than
local loading. For risers, conductors and caissons this is different and local loading is
governing.
Therefore it is good engineering practice to design these components using
CD = 1.0
 Increased water particle velocity allowance should be made for increased water particle
velocity due to proximity of member to which attached. As a simple rule of thumb, twice
the free stream velocity may be used at any point within half a tubular diameter.
A more accurate relation is
v = vo (1 + r²/a²)
where r is the distance from the center and a the radius of this tubular.
23
Loadings: Environmental Loads (Contd…)
 Checks against fatigue should apply a simple deterministic fatigue analysis in

accordance with codes; in it waves will be grouped into a limited number of height
classes, and water particle velocities calculated using the appropriate wave theory.
 For pre-installed risers and those risers early in the operational life of a platform the
fatigue analysis can be incorporated in the substructure fatigue analysis.
 In order to allow connection of attachments to structural steel it is recommended that
all primary structural members are sized to satisfy class F2 along the entire length in
combination with a stress concentration factor equal to 1.0.
 Checks for slam loading where applicable, using the theory developed by Ridley which
accounts for the natural frequency of the member. It is noted that wave slamming is
only of relevance for horizontal sections of a riser in the splash zone or for risers during
transportation.
24
Loadings: Environmental Loads (Contd…)
 Check on (riser) pipes for vortex shedding in steady current.

This is an important design consideration because it defines
the distances between (riser) pipe supports. As a simple rule
of thumb, pipe supports no further apart than 40 diameters
will generally suffice, both for vortex shedding and static
wave load.
 Imposed deflections by the jacket during storm sea
condition. It is anticipated that this effect is negligible in
most cases. An exception must be made when a platform will
be installed on a soft foundation.
25
Parts of Riser:-
26
Parts of Riser:-
27
Parts of Riser:-
Risers connected to Mudmat
28
Parts of Riser:-
Risers connected at intermediate level with

guide clamps
29
Parts of Riser:-
Risers connected at Top with Hanger clamps
30
Design Philosophy and Considerations

The design philosophy adopted in this chapter is to apply proved technical advances in
order to conduct safe and cost-effective design of marine risers. The design of a marine
riser system will require consideration of a number of factors in relation to its functional
suitability and long term integrity.
Considerations should be given to:
 Consistence with laws, acts and regulations;

 Riser integrity: reliability, safety and risk;
 Riser functional requirements;
 Riser operational requirements;
 Riser structural design criteria;
 Materials;
 Installation requirements;
 Fabrication requirements;
 Inspection and maintenance;
 Costs.
31
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Various analysis tools are available for riser design, examples of these are:
 General purpose finite element programs: ABAQUS, ANSYS, etc;

 Riser Analysis Tools: Flexcom, Orcaflex, Riflex, etc;
 Riser VIV Analysis Tools: Shear?, VIVA, VIV ANA, CFD based programs;
 Coupled motion analysis programs: HARP, etc;
 Riser Installation Analysis Tools: OFFPIPE, Orcaflex, Pipelay, etc.
32
33
GENERAL
 The design of the risers shall be based on the Institute of Petroleum Pipeline
Safety Code (Latest Edition) which is Part 6 of IP Model Code of Safe Practice,
and IP6 Supplements including revisions. (Other codes shall also be applicable
as per project / client standards.
 With the exception of the hoop stress check, all calculations are to be based
on nominal wall thickness.
 The hoop stress is to be checked using minimum thickness defined as 12½%
less than nominal thickness for diameters less than or equal to 18" and 5% less
than nominal for diameters greater than or equal to 20".
 All stress criteria are to be satisfied for all points on the riser.
34

Riser analysis tools are special purpose programs for analyses of flexible risers,
catenary risers, top tensioned risers and other slender structures, such as
mooring lines and pipelines.
The most important features for the finite element modeling are listed below:
 Beam or bar element based on small strain theory.
 Description of non-linear material properties.
 Unlimited rotation and translation in 3D space.
 Stiffness contribution from material properties as well as geometric
stiffness.
 Allowing varying cross-sectional properties.
35
Typical analyses are for instance:

 Strength analysis;
 Fatigue Analysis;
 VIV Analysis;
 Interference Analysis.
The results from the finite element analysis are listed below:
 Nodal point co-ordinates;
 Curvature at nodal points;
 Axial forces, bending moment, shear forces and torsion.
36
Time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis
 The purpose of the analysis is to determine the influence of support vessel

motion and direct wave induced loads on the system.
 The results from the frequency domain analysis are the systems Eigen
frequencies and eigenvectors.
 The results from the time-domain analysis are time series of a selected
limited response parameters, such as stress, strain and bending moment.
37

The results from the above analyses are stored in separate files for subsequent
post processing, such as plots or calculation. Some of the more interesting output
is listed below:
Plots
 System geometry;
 Force variation along lines;
 Pipe wall forces;
 Geometry during variation of parameters;
 Response time series;
 Vessel motion transfer function;
 Animation of the dynamic behavior of the complete system including
support vessel and exciting waves.
Tables
 Support forces;
 Pipe wall forces;
 Velocities and accelerations from wave and vessel motion time series;
38
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Hoop Stress
The maximum hoop stress (h) (IP-6 Section 4.2.2) should not exceed 60% of the
specified minimum yield stress (y), and is calculated by:
𝑃𝑟𝑜
𝜎ℎ = ≤ 0.60 𝜎𝑦
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛
Where
P = Design Pressure
ro = Outside Radius
tmin = Minimum Wall Thickness
The minimum wall thickness is equal to the nominal thickness minus the
thickness tolerance and the thickness corrosion. The hoop stress may be
increased to 0.90 y for the hydrostatic pressure condition.
39
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Expansion Stress
The expansion stresses (e) due to pressure and temperature (IP-6 Section
4.2.5.7) are calculated according to the formula below and should not exceed
72% of specified minimum yield stress:
𝜎𝑒 = 𝑖𝑖. 𝑀𝐵 2 + 𝑖𝑜. 𝑀𝐶 2 + 𝑀𝐴 2 1Τ𝑍 ≤ 0.072 𝜎𝑦

Where
MA = Torque
MB = In-plane Bending Moment
MC = Out of plane Bending Moment
ii = In-plane intensification factor
io = Out of plane intensification factor
Z = Section Modulus
All moments are due to the pressure and temperature expansion of the riser. The
displacements and forces at the riser to spool piece flange shall be taken into account.
40
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Longitudinal Stress

The longitudinal stresses (L) due to the combined effect of weight (w) and
internal pressure (p) (IP-6 Section 4.2.5.7) should not exceed 54% of the
specified minimum yield stress and shall be calculated as follows:
(𝑀𝐵2+𝑀𝐶2) 𝐹𝑎
𝜎𝑤 = + 1
𝑍 𝐴
Where
3
Fa = Axial Force
A = Pipe metal Cross sectional Area
𝜎𝐿 = 𝜎𝑤 + 𝜎𝑝 ≤ 0.54 𝜎𝑦
𝑃. 𝑟𝑖2 2
𝜎𝑝 =
(𝑟𝑜2 − 𝑟𝑖2)
Where
ro = Out of plane Bending Moment
ri = In-plane intensification factor
41
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
STRESSES DUE TO SURGE

Contractor shall consider in his design the results of a surge analysis to be
advised by Client.
SLUG LOADINGS
Contractor shall consider the effects of slug induced loadings in the design of
the risers. Loadings and design procedures, including fatigue, shall be agreed
with Client.
42
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Allowable Stresses
The following environmental load stress check not specified in the IP code must
also be satisfied. This is a check that the riser will not fail under the maximum
operating plus extreme environmental loads. The intention is not to exceed the
Von Mises equivalent stress criterion.
The total stress (T) defined below shall be considered:
𝜎𝑇 = 𝜎𝐿 ± 𝜎𝑆 ≤ 0.9 𝜎𝑦
Where
L = Longitudinal Stress
S = Max. Direct Stress due to 100yr Storm waves and currents
43
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE- Allowable Stress
Von Mises equivalent stress (eq) is calculated according to the following formula
for all points on the riser, and should not exceed 90% of specified minimum yield
stress:
𝜎𝑒𝑞 = √ 𝜎𝑇 − 𝜎𝑝 2 + 𝜎𝑝 − 𝜎ℎ 2 + 𝜎ℎ − 𝜎𝑇 2 + 3𝜎2 ≤ 0.9 𝜎𝑦
Where
h = Pressure Hoop Stress

p = Internal Pressure
T = Total Longitudinal Stress due to weight, pressure, temperature and wave loading
 = Shear stress due to torque in the riser
44
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
It is noted that the allowable Von Mises stresses in the DNV pipeline & riser code
are somewhat different; a full set allowable stresses is given in the table below.
STRESS/YIELD STRESS HYDRO TEST OPERATING SURVIVAL
Hoop Stress 0.90 0.60 0.60
Longitudinal Stress ~NA~ 0.54 ~NA~
Tensile Stress ~NA~ 0.90 0.90
Von Mises (DNV) 0.90 0.60 0.80
45
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Fatigue Design
The ability of the risers to withstand cyclic loading shall be considered. The
Department of Energy F2 curve / DNV / API and Miner's rule shall be applied to
assess the cumulative damage, including from the following sources:
 Service cycles of internal pressure and temperature

 Wave loading
 Vortex induced vibrations
 Slug induced loadings
In addition a stress concentration factor (SCF) for single sided closure welds of
1.4 may have to be considered. The fatigue life thus calculated shall at all points
be in excess of three times the design life of the jacket. It is common practice to
carry out the detailed fatigue analysis on pre-installed risers or those risers which
are installed at the beginning of the platform life as part of the substructure
fatigue analysis.
46
RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Fatigue Design
Service Cycles
Fifty shutdown and start-up cycles each year shall be assumed when assessing the
fatigue due to cyclic internal pressure and temperature loading. Note that
pressure hoop stress may exhibit the largest direct stress range over most of the
riser, rather than longitudinal stresses.
Wave Loading
A deterministic analysis shall be used to assess fatigue. The stress may either be
drawn from a dynamic analysis or a static analysis combined with dynamic
amplification factors.
Vortex Induced Vibrations
Based on DnV
47
FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ANODE SUPPORTS

Anode supports near the pile guides need to be designed against the
consequences of environmental loading and pile driving vibrations. The first
subject of environmental loading is addressed in Slides 23~25 . It is anticipated,
however, that even when full marine growth and velocity enhancement together
with a Cd=1.0 are used that this loading will not
be governing for the anode supports.
For a design of the anode support against fatigue attention should be given to
accelerations, dynamic amplification, number of blows, attenuation, SCF and SN-
curve which will subsequently be addressed.
48

ACCELERATIONS AS A RESULT OF DRIVING
As indicated in slide 24, the accelerations due to pile driving can be as high as
100g. It is anticipated, however, that this high value is to be associated with the
driving of inclined piles.
Basic accelerations due to the driving of vertical piles can be taken as:
 Zone 1: Pile sleeves 50g
 Zone 2: Parts of structure adjacent to pile sleeves 25g
 Zone 3: All other areas of a pile cluster 10g
 Zone 4: Bottle leg/leg up to next plan level above 10g
 Zone 5: Remainder of the structure 0
DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION
Dynamic amplification can only be assessed accurately if the acceleration versus
time history is specified or calculated using a time-domain analysis of the pile
driving process. In the absence of a detailed analysis a uniform dynamic
amplification factor (DAF) should be applied of:
1.5 < DAF < 2.0.
49

NUMBER OF BLOWS
The number of blows is to be taken from the pile drivability report; it will be of
the order of 5000. In using this number in a simple and straight forward manner
an additional conservatism will be incorporated because it assumes that target
pile penetration will be reached using continuous heavy driving.
ATTENUATION
Each blow will lead to vibrations of the anode the amplitude of which will be
reduced in time due to damping.
Using a damping coefficient ksi = 0.02 the amplitude reduction for each full cycle
will be reflected in a factor r given by:
r = exp(-2ð ksi) = 0.88
50
STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR AND SN CURVE

Since the thickness of the anode attachment is small in comparison with the
thickness of the component to which it is attached it is common practice to
adopt
SCF = 1.0
51
RISER CLAMPS – ANALYSIS & DESIGN
52
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Design Methods
Clamps should be designed generally to the methods outlined in this Specification.

Adequate elastic analysis should be performed to show that permissible stresses in bolts,
clamp components, and jacket supporting members are not exceeded. Where ultimate
criteria is adopted the load factors recommended in this specification should be used.
Load Combinations
The following load combinations should be checked so that permissible stresses or

allowable load capacities are not exceeded under any of the following load combinations:
a) Xp (Xp = Design Pre-tensioning Load)
b) Xp+XF (XF = Functional loads such as dead loads, temperature loads)
c) Xp+XF+XE (XE = Extreme environmental loads)
NOTE:
i) The load factors recommended in Section 2.0 (2), (3), (4) should be applied to the above
combinations.
ii) The stub and support should be designed using normal elastic design. A factor of 0.75 load
combination (c) can be used for design of these components.
53
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Slippage
Friction clamps should be designed to have adequate safety factors against
slippage. Safety factors recommended in Section 2.0 of this specification should
be used.
Fatigue
The maximum permissible stress range in the stud bolts should be calculated and
the fatigue life determined.
 The reference life method of fatigue analysis enables the relatively simple calculation of fatigue life given that certain
parameters pertaining to the Bass Strait wave envelopes are known and do not vary.
 An arbitrary stress range is input into the formula which has a unique reference fatigue life. A stress range of 690 MPa
has been chosen as the reference.
54
DESIGN PARAMETERS
The following design parameters should be used for a standardized design of long
bolted clamps.
1) Ultimate coefficient of friction (steel to steel/inorganic zinc silicate coating) =
0.25
2) Ultimate load safety factor on frictional resistance = 1.5
3) Ultimate load factor for punching of stub on top plate = 1.5
4) Load factor for checking and destressing of bolts= 1.1 to 1.21*
* Recommended actual "induced pretension" should include a 10% increase on the design bolt pretension
to allow for inaccuracies in bolt tensioning equipment and a further 10% increase for bolt relaxation if
bolts are tightened one at a time. The recommended "induced bolt pretension" should not exceed
0.72Fy (396 MPa).
55

Elastic Design of clamp components
 Under the load combinations given in 1.2.2 with design to working stress
methods in accordance with AS 3990, API RP2A or special provisions of this
specification, whichever is appropriate.
 Stud bolts shall be grade ASTM A193 Grade B7M
(UTS = 690 MPa, Fy = 550 MPa).
Design bolt pretension is not to exceed 0.6Fy (330 MPa)
 The clamp components may be fabricated using either mild or high strength
steel. The use of high strength steel will allow significant weight reduction to
be achieved over mild steel however the susceptibility to fatigue will be
increased.
56
CHOOSING THE MOST SUITABLE CLAMP CONFIGURATIONS
57
DESIGN LOADINGS
Types of Forces on Clamps
Design loadings on clamps are fundamentally environmental loadings arising from

wave and current forces. Other types of loadings can affect clamp design in some
applications. The following forces on clamps should be considered:
 Dead load
 Environmental loads
 wave
 current
 wind
 Pipeline forces
 expansion and contraction
 other forms of pipeline movement
 Platform movement
 Impact forces from vessels
 All other forces considered relevant.
58
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR LONG BOLTED CLAMPS
59
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR LONG BOLTED CLAMPS- Contd….
 A long bolted clamp using only four

bolts and very stiff clamping shells has
been adopted as standard and the
formulae quoted have been developed
on this basis. The stiff shells are
considered necessary to eliminate the
"pincer" effect of clamp shells that are
relatively flexible and to ensure that
the brace being clamped is deformed
to fit the shape of the shell to ensure
good frictional contact.
 The use of more than 4 bolts can easily

be accommodated as the formulae
have been presented giving the
required total clamping force. However
in the majority of cases it is considered
4 bolts will be sufficient to produce the
clamping force required.
60
LOADS
 The design loads shall be taken as the worst
combination.
 Clamp Configuration - The most suitable
configuration of clamp and support stub should
be selected taking into consideration:
 the degree of restraint required
 amount of adjustment required
 ease of installation
 See Figure on next slide for typical clamp
configurations.
 Component Loads - for design purposes, the
loads acting on the clamp configuration are to
be resolved about the major axes of each
component. Refer to Figure (this slide) for
details of force components.
61
TYPICAL CLAMP CONFIGURATIONS
62

Max Allowable Bolt Pretension
The clamped member hoop stress is limited by two criteria:
a) The general requirement of AS 3990 that compressive hoop stresses be limited
to 0.6Fy.
b) Von Mises criteria for combined stresses assuming a 1.1 factor of safety for
yield and using the maximum axial stresses expected in the member. Tension will
be the critical axial stress.
Either a) or b) above may govern the allowable bolt tension, although b) will usually only be critical
when the clamped member is in tension exceeding 110 MPa.
63
Required Bolt Force

Frictional Resistance, Radial Contact Pressure, and Bolt Force
The frictional resistance of a long bolted clamp is a function of the radial contact pressure
between the clamp and jacket tubular, which is a function of the bolt pretension force. A
uniform radial pressure distribution along the clamp contact surface, resulting from bolt
pre-tensioning is assumed. The relationship between contact pressure and bolt force is
given below (refer next slide)
The bolt design procedure will be divided into two basic parts:
 Frictional Resistance - Bolt force required to prevent clamp sliding;
 Radial Contact Pressure - Bolt force required to ensure that contact pressure is
maintained at all points along the clamp.
Design Bolt Force

The design criteria discussed above will yield two bolt forces, one to prevent sliding and
one to prevent loss of contact pressure at any location along the clamp. The design bolt
force shall be taken as the larger of the two.
64
RADIAL CONTACT PRESSURE FROM A GIVEN BOLT FORCE
65
REQUIRED BOLT FORCE TO DEVELOP FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE
Frictional Resistance
There can be six components of external load acting on the clamp (see slide 61).
However, only four of these components affect the required frictional resistance.
These are:
 Torsion
 Transverse shear (combined with torsion)
 Longitudinal shear
 Pull-off force
The above loads are used to calculate the bolt force required to prevent clamp
sliding. The pull-off force is included here since it causes a net reduction in
contact pressure, thus reducing the frictional resistance. The safety factor (SF)
to be used in these calculations is 1.5.
In addition to the above, axial tension in the clamped member will reduce the
member diameter thus reducing the radial contact pressure and the frictional
resistance. This effect shall be considered in the calculation of the bolt force
required to prevent clamp sliding.
66
TORSION + TRANSVERSE SHEAR
This is a conservative formulation which does not account for the contribution of
frictional resistance from the bottom half of the clamp.
67
LONGITUDINAL SHEAR
68
PULL OFF FORCE
This load will cause a net reduction in contact

pressure
along the entire length of the clamp, thus
reducing the
fictional resistance. The total bolt force must
be increased to counter-act this load.
Call this bolt force F3,
F3= SF ⋅ P
69
CALCULATING EFFECT OF JACKET MEMBER AXIAL STRESS
Total Bolt Force to Prevent Clamp Sliding

To determine the total bolt force required to prevent clamp sliding, the individual components
calculated above shall be combined as follows:
70
Required Bolt Force to Prevent Loss of Contact Pressure

Radial Contact Pressure
In addition to preventing sliding failure as discussed above, another combination of loads
shall be used to ensure that positive contact pressure is maintained locally. If contact
pressure is maintained along the clamp, the initial bolt force will not change as a result of
externally applied clamp loads. This is to prevent the continuous cycling of loads (stresses),
thus enhancing the fatigue performance of the bolts. The loads that may affect the contact
pressure are:
 Longitudinal moment
 Transverse moment
 Transverse shear
 Pull-off force
 Note that while the first three components cause local changes in radial contact pressure, they do not cause a net contact pressure
reduction, and thus, do not affect frictional resistance. Also note that the pull-off force affects both the contact pressure and
frictional resistance. Again, axial tension in the jacket member shall be considered.
 The above load components will be factored, converted to equivalent bolt forces, and summed. Clamp sliding is a function of load
and resistance, loss of contact pressure is only a function of loads.
 Clamp sliding represents "failure" whereas the consequences of loss of contact pressure near one or two bolts are minimal. If loss of
contact pressure occurs, any additional applied load would increase the bolt load(s), but failure would not occur. As a result, a
safety factor of 1.2 is used for loss of contact pressure calculations
 It should also be mentioned that by using this criterion, loss of contact pressure would be a rare event and thus would not have a
significant effect on bolt fatigue.
 A simple statics approach will be used to determine the required bolt force. To do this, assumptions will be made. A four-bolt clamp
is assumed.
71
LONGITUDINAL MOMENT
72
TRANSVERSE MOMENT
73
TRANSVERSE SHEAR
74
Pull-Off
Refer Slide No: 69

Effect of Jacket Member Axial Stress
Refer Slide No: 70
Total Bolt Force to Prevent Loss of Contact Pressure
Fc = F5 + F6 + F7 + F8 + F9
Critical Bolt Forces

The critical bolt force should be the maximum of Fs and Fc
(Slide 66~74 ).
75
Check Jacket Tubular

The clamped jacket member stress shall be checked for the combination of the
following:
 Design stresses in member prior to clamping;
 Stresses caused by bolt pre-tensioning;
 Stresses caused by external loads on the clamp.
Check Local Buckling of Tubular
 In addition to comparing the bolt pretension to the

maximum allowable member hoop stress, local
buckling of the clamped member shall be checked.
 The section between the clamp halves shall be
checked for column buckling and the eccentricity of
the load due to the curved section should be
considered
76
Top Plate of the Clamp

Using a configuration of gusset plates that allow only a small clearance around the bolts,
the critical top plate size is determined by punching shear forces and moments obtained
from the connecting stub. Ultimate punching shear force if given by:
77
Design of Clamp Components

The design of the clamp members themselves should comply with the
requirements of AS 3990 and/or API RP2A.
a) Gusset Plates - The limiting width to thickness ratio shall be 6. Clearance to

bolts shall be small (10mm) to allow bolt forces to be taken in direct bearing.
b) Side Plates - Side Plates shall be designed as stocky struts. Particular
attention should be paid to the weld along the base of the side plate, with
the critical weld area immediately behind the gusset plates and weld failure
plane at 45o to axis of clamp.
c) Wrap Plate - This shall be the same thickness as the side plate, and it is
recommended that minimum thickness be 20mm.
It is recommended that all welds, except those fixing the side plates to the shell,
be full strength butt welds. (refer next slide)
78
Clamp Layout & Details
79
Clamp Strength
 The strength of the clamp shells in bending

about both principal axes should be
checked. For bending about the y-y axis of
the clamp, it is assumed that the vertical
component of loading on the tubular
member follows a sine curve.
 The properties of the clamp shells should be
determined, and the bending stresses
evaluated for both across the width of the
clamp and in a longitudinal direction.
80
Installation Stresses during Re-tensioning

 During the installation process the tubular brace will be deformed to take up the shape
of the clamp shells provided that the bolt force is sufficiently high.
 Otherwise, the clamp may only achieve point contact eg. at a weld bead, and the shell
should therefore be checked for either the bolt force or the force required to deform
the member (MF), whichever is the lesser.
81
Installation Stresses during Re-tensioning – Contd…
This should be less than the allowable bending moment across the width of each shell.
NOTE
In most cases the tubular will deform at relatively low bolt loads and the critical
bending moments on the shell will be due to the full bolt load and the contact pressure.
82
Typical Hinge Clamp Details
83
RISER CLAMPS – ANALYSIS & DESIGN Example Calculations:
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
References :
1. Hollow Section Joints - Jaap Wardenier

2. Cojac User Manual - E.P.R.
3. Report on Design of Fortescue Repair Clamps - Wimpey Offshore
4. Sea load Computer Program – Theoretical Manuals
5. Strand7 Computer Program – Theoretical Manuals
6. Derivation of Fatigue Life for bolts - WGP-BC-01
102
A TYPICAL ANCHOR CLAMP
103

Multiple Riser Configurations Top-Tensioned Risers Hybrid Riser System

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Multiple Riser Configurations Top-Tensioned Risers Hybrid Riser System

Risers:- A short Outlook

Risers:- A short Outlook

Introduction to Riser Systems

Introduction to Riser Systems

Introduction to Riser Systems

A hybrid that can accommodate a number of

Introduction to Riser Systems

 Impart an understanding in the function, technology, design of riser systems.

Design Requirements and Considerations

 Global behavior and geometry

Design Requirements and Considerations - Layout

Design Requirements and Considerations – Anchor Point

Design Requirements and Considerations - Protection

Design Requirements and Considerations – Connection to Pipeline

 In order to facilitate easy riser inspection it is recommended to leave 1m clearance

Riser System Components

Riser System Components

 A slip joint comprises two concentric cylinders or barrels that telescope.

Riser System Components (Auxiliary Components)

ISO 14723 - (Pipeline transportation systems)

ISO 13624 - (Drilling and production equipment)

 Functional loads (risers)

Launch and Upending

In the past there have been various occurrences of damage to a platform as a

 Checks against fatigue should apply a simple deterministic fatigue analysis in

 Check on (riser) pipes for vortex shedding in steady current.

Risers connected to Mudmat

Risers connected at intermediate level with

Risers connected at Top with Hanger clamps

Design Philosophy and Considerations

Considerations should be given to:

 Consistence with laws, acts and regulations;

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

 General purpose finite element programs: ABAQUS, ANSYS, etc;

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

Typical analyses are for instance:

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

Time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis

 The purpose of the analysis is to determine the influence of support vessel

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Hoop Stress

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Expansion Stress

𝜎𝑒 = 𝑖𝑖. 𝑀𝐵 2 + 𝑖𝑜. 𝑀𝐶 2 + 𝑀𝐴 2 1Τ𝑍 ≤ 0.072 𝜎𝑦

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Longitudinal Stress

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

STRESSES DUE TO SURGE

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE – Allowable Stresses

The total stress (T) defined below shall be considered:

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE- Allowable Stress

𝜎𝑒𝑞 = √ 𝜎𝑇 − 𝜎𝑝 2 + 𝜎𝑝 − 𝜎ℎ 2 + 𝜎ℎ − 𝜎𝑇 2 + 3𝜎2 ≤ 0.9 𝜎𝑦

h = Pressure Hoop Stress

RISER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

STRESS/YIELD STRESS HYDRO TEST OPERATING SURVIVAL

Hoop Stress 0.90 0.60 0.60

Longitudinal Stress ~NA~ 0.54 ~NA~