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MSI Components

© IT - TDT Computer Organisation 2

Acknowledgement
• The contents of these slides have origin from School of
Computing, National University of Singapore.
• We greatly appreciate support from Mr. Aaron Tan Tuck
Choy for kindly sharing these materials.
© IT - TDT Computer Organisation 3

Policies for students


• These contents are only used for students PERSONALLY.
• Students are NOT allowed to modify or deliver these
contents to anywhere or anyone for any purpose.
CS2100 MSI Components 4

WHERE ARE WE NOW?


• Number systems and codes Preparation: 2 weeks
• Boolean algebra
• Logic gates and circuits
• Simplification Logic Design: 3 weeks
• Combinational circuits
• Sequential circuits
• Performance
• Assembly language
• The processor: Datapath and control Computer
organisation
• Pipelining
• Memory hierarchy: Cache
• Input/output
CS2100 MSI Components 5

MSI COMPONENTS
• Introduction
• Decoders
• Encoders
• Demultiplexers
• Multiplexers
CS2100 MSI Components 6

INTRODUCTION
• Four common and useful MSI circuits:
• Decoder
• Demultiplexer
• Encoder
• Multiplexer

• Block-level outlines of MSI circuits:

decoder encoder
code entity entity code

mux data data demux output


input

select select
CS2100 MSI Components 7

DECODERS (1/5)
• Codes are frequently used to represent entities, eg: your
name is a code to denote yourself (an entity!).
• These codes can be identified (or decoded) using a
decoder. Given a code, identify the entity.
• Convert binary information from n input lines to (maximum
of) 2n output lines.
• Known as n-to-m-line decoder, or simply n:m or nm
decoder (m  2n).
n
• May be used to generate 2 minterms of n input variables.
CS2100 MSI Components 8

DECODERS (2/5)
• Example: If codes 00, 01, 10, 11 are used to identify four
light bulbs, we may use a 2-bit decoder.
2x4
F0 Bulb 0
2-bit X Dec F Bulb 1
1
code Y
F2 Bulb 2
F3 Bulb 3

 This is a 24 decoder which selects an output line based


on the 2-bit code supplied.
 Truth table: X Y F0 F1 F2 F3
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
CS2100 MSI Components 9

DECODERS (3/5) X
0
Y F0
0 1
F1 F2 F3
0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
• From truth table, circuit for 1 0 0 0 1 0
24 decoder is: 1 1 0 0 0 1

 Note: Each output is a F0 = X'Y'


2-variable minterm
(X'Y', X'Y, XY' or XY) F1 = X'Y

F2 = XY'

F3 = XY

X Y
CS2100 MSI Components 10

DECODERS (4/5)
• Design a 38 decoder.
F0 = x'y'z'
x y z F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F1 = x'y'z
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
F2 = x'yz'
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
F3 = x'yz
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
F4 = xy'z'
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 F5 = xy'z

F6 = xyz'

F7 = xyz

x y z
CS2100 MSI Components 11

DECODERS (5/5)
• In general, for an n-bit code, a decoder could
n
select up to 2 lines:

n-bit n to 2n up to 2n
code : decoder : output lines
CS2100 MSI Components 12

DECODERS: IMPLEMENTING FUNCTIONS


(1/5)
• A Boolean function, in sum-of-minterms form a decoder
to generate the minterms, and an OR gate to form the
sum.
• Any combinational circuit with n inputs and m outputs can
be implemented with an n:2n decoder with m OR gates.
• Good when circuit has many outputs, and each function is
expressed with few minterms.
CS2100 MSI Components 13

DECODERS: IMPLEMENTING FUNCTIONS


(2/5) x y z C S
0 0 0 0 0
• Example: Full adder 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
S(x, y, z) = S m(1,2,4,7) 0 1 1 1 0
C(x, y, z) = S m(3,5,6,7) 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
3x8 0
Dec 1 S
2
x S2 3
y S1 4
5 C
z S0 6
7
CS2100 MSI Components 14

DECODERS: IMPLEMENTING FUNCTIONS


(3/5)
x y z C S
3x8 0
Dec
0 0 0 0 0
1 S 0 0 1 0 1
2
0 1 0 0 1
0 x S2 3
0 1 1 1 0
0 y S1 4
1 0 0 0 1
5 C
0 z S0 1 0 1 1 0
6
1 1 0 1 0
7
1 1 1 1 1


CS2100 MSI Components 15

DECODERS WITH ENABLE (1/2)


• Decoders often come with an enable control signal, so
that the device is only activated when the enable, E = 1.
• Truth table: F0 = EX'Y'
E X Y F0 F 1 F 2 F3
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 F1 = EX'Y
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 F2 = EXY'
0 X X 0 0 0 0
F3 = EXY
 Circuit of a 24 decoder
with enable:
X Y E
CS2100 MSI Components 16

DECODERS WITH ENABLE (2/2)


• In the previous slide, the decoder has a one-enable
control signal, i.e. the decoder is enabled with E=1.
• In most MSI decoders, enable signal is zero-enable,
usually denoted by E' or Ē. The decoder is enabled when
the signal is zero (low).
E X Y F0 F 1 F 2 F3 E' X Y F 0 F 1 F2 F 3
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 X X 0 0 0 0

Decoder with 1-enable Decoder with 0-enable


CS2100 MSI Components 17

LARGER DECODERS (1/4)


• Larger decoders can be 3x8
Dec 0 F0 = w'x'y'
F1 = w'x'y
constructed from smaller w S2 1
: :
x S1
ones. y S0 : :
7 F7 = wxy

• Example: A 38 decoder


can be built from two 24
2x4
decoders (with one- w Dec 0 F0 = w'x'y'
x S1 1 F1 = w'x'y
enable) and an inverter. y S0 2 F2 = w'xy'
E 3 F3 = w'xy

2x4
Dec 0 F4 = wx'y'
S1 1 F5 = wx'y
S0 2 F6 = wxy'
E 3 F7 = wxy
CS2100 MSI Components 18

LARGER DECODERS (2/4)


3x8
0 F0 = w'x'y'
Dec
w S2 1 F1 = w'x'y
x S1 : :
: :
y S0
7 F7 = wxy

2x4
w Dec 0 F0 = w'x'y'
x S1 1 F1 = w'x'y
y S0 2 F2 = w'xy'
E 3 F3 = w'xy

2x4
Dec F4 = wx'y'
S1 F5 = wx'y
S0 F6 = wxy'
E F7 = wxy


CS2100 MSI Components 19

LARGER DECODERS (3/4) 4x16


• Construct a 416 Dec 0 F0
w S3
decoder from two 38 x S2
1
:
F1
:
y S1
decoders with one- z S0
: :
15 F15
enable.
3x8
w Dec 0 F0
x S2
1 F1
y S1 : :
z S0 7 F7
E

3x8
Dec 0 F8
S2
1 F9
S1 : :
S0 7 F15
E
CS2100 MSI Components 20

LARGER DECODERS (4/4)


• Note: The input, w and its complement, w', are used to
select either one of the two smaller decoders.
• Decoders may also have zero-enable and/or negated
outputs.
• Normal outputs = active high
• Negated outputs = active low

• Exercise: What modifications should be made to provide


an ENABLE input for the 38 decoder and the 416
decoder created in the previous two slides?
• Exercise: How to construct a 416 decoder using five 24
decoders with enable?
CS2100 MSI Components 21

STANDARD MSI DECODER (1/2)


• 74138 (3-to-8 decoder)

74138 decoder module.


(a) Logic circuit.
(b) Package pin configuration.
CS2100 MSI Components 22

STANDARD MSI DECODER (2/2)

74138 decoder module.


(c) Function table.

(c)

74138 decoder module.


(d) Generic symbol.
(e) IEEE standard logic symbol.
Source:The Data Book Volume 2, Texas
Instruments Inc.,1985
CS2100 MSI Components 23

DECODERS: IMPLEMENTING FUNCTIONS


REVISIT (1/2)
• Example: Implement the following function using a 38
decoder and appropriate logic gate
f(Q,X,P) =  m(0,1,4,6,7) =  M(2,3,5)
• We may implement the function in several ways:
• Using a decoder with active-high outputs with an OR gate:
f(Q,X,P) = m0 + m1 + m4 + m6 + m7
• Using a decoder with active-low outputs with a NAND gate:
f(Q,X,P) = (m0'  m1'  m4'  m6'  m7' )'
• Using a decoder with active-high outputs with a NOR gate:
f(Q,X,P) = (m2 + m3 + m5 )' [ = M2  M3  M5 ]
• Using a decoder with active-low outputs with an AND gate:
f(Q,X,P) = m2'  m3'  m5'
CS2100 MSI Components 24

DECODERS: IMPLEMENTING FUNCTIONS


f(Q,X,P) = Sm(0,1,4,6,7) =  M(2,3,5)
REVISIT (2/2)
0 0
3x8 1 3x8 1
Dec 2 Dec 2
Q A 3 f(Q,X,P) Q A 3 f(Q,X,P)
B 4 B 4
X X
5 5
P C 6 P C 6
7 7

(a) Active-high decoder with OR gate. (b) Active-low decoder with NAND gate.

0 0
3x8 1 3x8 1
Dec 2 f(Q,X,P) Dec 2
f(Q,X,P)
Q A 3 Q A 3
B 4 B 4
X X
5 5
P C 6 P C 6
7 7

(c) Active-high decoder with NOR gate. (d) Active-low decoder with AND gate.
CS2100 MSI Components 25

READING ASSIGNMENT
• Reducing Decoders
• Read up DLD pg 136 – 140.
CS2100 MSI Components 26

ENCODERS (1/4)
• Encoding is the converse of decoding.
• Given a set of input lines, of which exactly one is high, the
encoder provides a code that corresponds to that input
line.
n
• Contains 2 (or fewer) input lines and n output lines.
• Implemented with OR gates.
• Example:

F0 D0
Select via F1 4-to-2
switches 2-bits
F2 Encoder D1 code
F3
CS2100 MSI Components 27

ENCODERS (2/4)
F0 F1 F2 F3 D1 D0
• Truth table: 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
 With K-map, we obtain: 0 0 0 1 1 1
D0 = F1 + F3 0 0 0 0 X X
D1 = F2 + F3 0 0 1 1 X X
0 1 0 1 X X
0 1 1 0 X X
 Circuit: 0 1 1 1 X X
1 0 0 1 X X
1 0 1 0 X X
1 0 1 1 X X
1 1 0 0 X X
1 1 0 1 X X
1 1 1 0 X X
1 1 1 1 X X


CS2100 MSI Components 28

ENCODERS (3/4)
• Example: Octal-to-binary encoder.
• At any one time, only one input line has a value of 1.
• Otherwise, we need priority encoder.

Inputs Outputs
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 x y z
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
CS2100 MSI Components 29

ENCODERS (4/4)
• Example: Octal-to-binary encoder.
D0
D1 x = D 4 + D5 + D6 + D7
D2
D3 y = D 2 + D3 + D6 + D7
D4
D5
D6
D7 z = D 1 + D3 + D5 + D7

An 8-to-3 encoder

 Exercise: Can you design a 2n-to-n encoder without


using K-map?
CS2100 MSI Components 30

PRIORITY ENCODERS (1/2)


• A priority encoder is one with priority
• If two or more inputs or equal to 1, the input with the highest
priority takes precedence.
• If all inputs are 0, this input combination is considered invalid.
• Example of a 4-to-2 priority encoder:
Inputs Outputs
D0 D1 D2 D3 x y V
0 0 0 0 X X 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
X 1 0 0 0 1 1
X X 1 0 1 0 1
X X X 1 1 1 1
CS2100 MSI Components 31

PRIORITY ENCODERS (2/2)


• Understanding “compact” function table
Inputs Outputs
Inputs Outputs
D0 D1 D2 D3 x y V
D0 D1 D2 D3 x y V
0 0 0 0 X X 0
0 0 0 0 X X 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1
X 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
X X 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 1
X X X 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
 Exercise: Obtain the 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

simplified expressions for x, 0 1 0 1 1 1 1


0 1 1 1 1 1 1
y and V.
1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1


CS2100 MSI Components 32

DEMULTIPLEXERS (1/2)
• Given an input line and a set of selection lines, a
demultiplexer directs data from the input to one selected
output line.
• Example: 1-to-4 demultiplexer.

Outputs

Y0 = D∙S1'∙S0' S1 So Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
0 0 D 0 0 0
Y1 = D∙S1'∙S0
Data D demux
0 1 0 D 0 0
Y2 = D∙S1∙S0' 1 0 0 0 D 0
Y3 = D∙S1∙S0
1 1 0 0 0 D

S1 S0
select
CS2100 MSI Components 33

DEMULTIPLEXERS (2/2)
• It turns out that the demultiplexer circuit is actually
identical to a decoder with enable.

24 0 Y0 = ?
Decoder
S1 A 1 Y1 = ?
S0 B 2 Y2 = ?

E 3 Y3 = ?


CS2100 MSI Components 34

MULTIPLEXERS (1/5)
• A multiplexer is a device which has
• A number of input lines
• A number of selection lines
• One output line
n
• It steers one of 2 inputs to a single output line, using n
selection lines. Also known as a data selector.

n
2 :1
inputs Multiplexer output
:

...
select
CS2100 MSI Components 35

MULTIPLEXERS (2/5)
• Truth table for a 4-to-1 multiplexer:

I0 I1 I2 I3 S1 S0 Y S1 S0 Y
d0 d1 d2 d3 0 0 d0 0 0 I0
d0 d1 d2 d3 0 1 d1 0 1 I1
d0 d1 d2 d3 1 0 d2 1 0 I2
d0 d1 d2 d3 1 1 d3 1 1 I3

Inputs Inputs
I0 0 I0
I1 4:1 I1
1 4:1
MUX Y
I2 2 Y Output I2 mux
I3 3 I3
S1 S0
S1 S0
select select
CS2100 MSI Components 36

S1 S0 Y
MULTIPLEXERS (3/5) 0 0 I0
0 1 I1
• Output of multiplexer is
1 0 I2
“sum of the (product of data lines and selection lines)” 1 1 I3

• Example: Output of a 4-to-1 multiplexer is:


Y=?
n n
• A 2 -to-1-line multiplexer, or simply 2 :1 MUX, is made
from an n:2n decoder by adding to it 2n input lines, one to
each AND gate.


CS2100 MSI Components 37

MULTIPLEXERS (4/5)
• A 4:1 multiplexer circuit:

I0 I0

I1 I1
Y Y
I2 I2

I3 I3

0 1 2 3
2-to-4
Decoder

S1 S0 S1 S0
CS2100 MSI Components 38

MULTIPLEXERS (5/5)
• An application:

 Helps share a single communication line among a


number of devices.
 At any time, only one source and one destination can
use the communication line.
CS2100 MSI Components 39

MULTIPLEXER IC PACKAGE
• Some IC packages have a few multiplexers in each
package (chip). The selection and enable inputs are
common to all multiplexers within the package.
A0
Y0
A1
Y1
A2
Y2
A3
Y3
B0
B1 E’ S Output Y
1 X all 0’s
B2 0 0 select A
B3 0 1 select B
S
(select)
E' Quadruple 2:1 multiplexer
(enable)
CS2100 MSI Components 40

LARGER MULTIPLEXERS (1/4)


• Larger multiplexers can be constructed from smaller ones.
• An 8-to-1 multiplexer can be constructed from smaller
multiplexers like this (note placement of selector lines):

I0 S2 S1 S0 Y
I1 4:1 0 0 0 I0
I2 MUX
I3 0 0 1 I1
0 1 0 I2
2:1 0 1 1 I3
S1 S0 MUX Y
I4
1 0 0 I4
I5 1 0 1 I5
4:1
I6 1 1 0 I6
MUX S2
I7 1 1 1 I7

S1 S0
CS2100 MSI Components 41

LARGER MULTIPLEXERS (2/4)


I0
I1 I0 I1 I2
4:1 S2 S1 S0 Y
I2 MUX
I3 0 0 0 I0
2:1 0 0 1 I1
S 1 S0 MUX Y I0 I1 I6
0 1 0 I2
I4
I5 4:1 I4 I5 I6 0 1 1 I3
I6 MUX S2
1 0 0 I4
I7 1 0 1 I5
S 1 S0 1 1 0 I6
1 1 1 I7
• When S2S1S0 = 000

 When S2S1S0 = 001


 When S2S1S0 = 110
CS2100 MSI Components 42

LARGER MULTIPLEXERS (3/4)


• Another implementation of an 8-to-1 multiplexer using
smaller multiplexers:
When
I0 2:1 I0 S2S1S0 = 000 S2 S1 S0 Y
I1 MUX 0 0 0 I0
0 0 1 I1
I2 2:1 I2 S0 0 1 0 I2
I3 MUX 0 1 1 I3
4:1 I0 1 0 0 I4
S0 MUX Y 1 0 1 I5
1 1 0 I6
I4 2:1 I4 1 1 1 I7
I5 MUX
S2 S1
S0 I6 2:1
I7 MUX I6
Q: Can we use only 2:1 multiplexers?
S0
CS2100 MSI Components 43

LARGER MULTIPLEXERS (4/4)


• A 16-to-1 multiplexer can
be constructed from five
4-to-1 multiplexers:
CS2100 MSI Components 44

STANDARD MSI MULTIPLEXER (1/2)

(b)

74151A 8-to-1 multiplexer. (a) Package configuration. (b) Function table.


CS2100 MSI Components 45

STANDARD MSI MULTIPLEXER (2/2)

(c)

74151A 8-to-1 multiplexer. (c) Logic diagram. (d) Generic logic symbol.
(e) IEEE standard logic symbol.
Source: The TTL Data Book Volume 2. Texas Instruments Inc.,1985.
CS2100 MSI Components 46

MULTIPLEXERS: IMPLEMENTING
FUNCTIONS (1/3)
• Boolean functions can be implemented using
multiplexers.
n
• A 2 -to-1 multiplexer can implement a Boolean function of
n input variables, as follows:
1. Express in sum-of-minterms form. Example:
F(A,B,C) = A'B'C + A'BC + AB'C + ABC'
= S m(1,3,5,6)
2. Connect n variables to the n selection lines.
3. Put a ‘1’ on a data line if it is a minterm of the function, or ‘0’
otherwise.
CS2100 MSI Components 47

MULTIPLEXERS: IMPLEMENTING
FUNCTIONS (2/3)
• F(A,B,C) = S m(1,3,5,6)

0
1
0
1
This method works because:
0 2
F
Output = m0I0 + m1I1 + m2I2 + m3I3
1 3 mux
0 4 + m4I4 + m5I5 + m6I6 + m7I7
1 5
1
0
6
7 Supplying ‘1’ to I1,I3,I5,I6 , and ‘0’ to
A B C
the rest:
Output = m1 + m3 + m5 + m6
CS2100 MSI Components 48

MULTIPLEXERS: IMPLEMENTING
FUNCTIONS (3/3)
• Example: Use a 74151A to implement
f(x1,x2,x3) = S m(0,2,3,5)

Realization of f(x1,x2,x3) = m(0,2,3,5).


(a) Truth table.
(b) Implementation with 74151A.
CS2100 MSI Components 49

USING SMALLER MULTIPLEXERS (1/6)


n
• Earlier, we saw how a 2 -to-1 multiplexer can be used to
implement a Boolean function of n (input) variables.
(n-1)
• However, we can use a single smaller 2 -to-1
multiplexer to implement a Boolean function of n (input)
variables.
• Example: The function
F(A,B,C) = S m(1,3,5,6)
can be implemented using a 4-to-1 multiplexer (rather
than an 8-to-1 multiplexer).
CS2100 MSI Components 50

USING SMALLER MULTIPLEXERS (2/6)


• Let’s look at this example:
F(A,B,C) = S m(0,1,3,6) = A'B'C' + A'B'C + A'BC + ABC'

1 0
1 1
0 2 1 0
1 3 mux F C 1 F
0 4 mux
0 5 0 2
1 6 C' 3
0 7
A B C A B

 Note: Two of the variables, A and B, are applied as


selection lines of the multiplexer, while the inputs of the
multiplexer contain 1, C, 0 and C'.
CS2100 MSI Components 51

USING SMALLER MULTIPLEXERS (3/6)


• Procedure
1. Express Boolean function in sum-of-minterms form.
Example: F(A,B,C) = S m(0,1,3,6)

2. Reserve one variable (in our example, we take the


least significant one) for input lines of multiplexer, and
use the rest for selection lines.
Example: C is for input lines; A and B for selection lines.
CS2100 MSI Components 52

USING SMALLER MULTIPLEXERS (4/6)


3. Draw the truth table for function, by grouping inputs by
selection line values, then determine multiplexer inputs by
comparing input line (C) and function (F) for corresponding
selection line values.

MUX
A B C F
input
0 0 0 1 ? 0
0 0 1 1 ? 1 F
mux
0 1 0 0 ? 2
0 1 1 1 ? 3
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 A B
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0


CS2100 MSI Components 53

USING SMALLER MULTIPLEXERS (5/6)


• Alternative: What if we use A for input lines, and B, C for
selector lines?
A B C F Mux A B C F
Input
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 A' (when BC = 00)
0 1 1 1
C 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
C’
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
? 0 1 1 1 0
? 1 F
mux
? 2
? 3

B C


CS2100 MSI Components 54

USING SMALLER MULTIPLEXERS (6/6)


• Example: Implement the function below with 74151A:
f(x1,x2,x3,x4) = S m(0,1,2,3,4,9,13,14,15)
CS2100 MSI Components 55

PEEKING AHEAD (1/2)Address


Input data
Lines Lines 8 lines
11 10 0–9 0–1023
DATA (8) (8)
ADRS (10)
2x4
CS
decoder 1K x 8
RW

S0 0 1024 – 2047
1 DATA (8) (8)
S1 2 ADRS (10)
3 CS
1K x 8
RW

2048 – 3071
Read/write DATA (8) (8)
ADRS (10)
CS
1K x 8
RW

3072 – 4095
DATA (8)
(8)
ADRS (10)
CS
1K x 8 Output
RW
data
CS2100 MSI Components 56

PEEKING AHEAD (2/2)


PCSrc

1
Add M
u
x
4 ALU 0
Add result
RegWrite Shift
left 2

Instruction [25– 21] Read


Read register 1 Read MemWrite
PC data 1
address Instruction [20– 16] Read MemtoReg
ALUSrc
Instruction register 2 Zero
1 Read ALU ALU
[31– 0] Write data 2 1 Read
M result Address 1
u register M data
Instruction Instruction [15– 11] x u M
memory Write x u
0 data Registers x
0
Write Data 0
RegDst data memory
Instruction [15– 0] 16 Sign 32
extend ALU MemRead
control

Instruction [5– 0]

ALUOp
© IT - TDT Computer Organisation 57

Q&A

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