m 6

 

What¶s the difference between distance and

displacement?

m Distance is the total amount an object has

traveled.
m Displacement is the object¶s change in position
O  rock is thrown straight upward from the edge of
a 30 m cliff, rising 10 m then falling all the way
down to the base of the cliff. Find the rock¶s
displacement.
O n infant crawls 5 m east, then 3 m north, then 1
m. What is the infant¶s DI6 and
DI6 
O n athlete runs exactly once around the track, a
total distance of 500 m. Find the runner¶s
displacement for the race
6 = d/t, or V = x/t

O If the infant in the previous example takes 20

seconds to complete his journey, find the
magnitude of his average velocity.
O Is it possible to move with constant speed but not
constant velocity? Is it possible to mov e with
constant velocity but not constant speed?
a = v/t

m  car is traveling in a straight line along a highway

at a constant speed of 80 miles per hour for 10
seconds. Find its acceleration.
m 6potting a police car ahead, a driver of a car slows
from 32 m/s to 20 m/s in 2 seconds. Find the
car¶s average acceleration


 ( 

 4
K 
Ê
4 4


( 4


4

 ( 4 
O n object with an initial velocity of 4 m/s moves along
a straight axis under constant acceleration. hree
seconds later, its velocity is 14 m/s.
ow far did it
travel during this time? 27m
O  car that¶s initially traveling at 10 m/s accelerates
uniformly for 4 seconds at a rate of 2 m/s2 in a straight
line.
ow far does the car travel during this time? 56m
O  rock is dropped off a cliff that¶s 80 m high. If it
strikes the ground with an impact velocity of 40 m/s,
what acceleration did it experience during its descent?
10 m/s2
m he area under a velocity vs. time graph equals
the displacement.
m age 23-24
m ravity is 10 m/s2
m y = ½ at2
O  rock is dropped from an 80 m cliff.
ow long does it
take to reach the ground? 4s
O  baseball is thrown straight upward with an initial
speed of 20 m/s.
ow high will it go? 20m
O ne second after being thrown straight down, an
object is falling with a speed of 20 m/s.
ow fast will
it be falling 2 seconds later? -40 m/s
O If an object is thrown straight upward with an initial
speed of 8 m/s and takes 3 seconds to strike the
ground, from what height was the object thrown? 21m
Ñ-motion is IDD of Y-motion

O n object is thrown horizontally with an initial speed of

10 m/s. It hits the ground 4 seconds later.
ow far
did it drop in 4 seconds? -80m
O From a height of 100 m, a ball is thrown horizontally
with an initial speed of 15 m/s.
ow far does it travel
horizontally in the first 2 seconds? 30m
O  rolling ball falls off a lab desk with a velocity of 2
m/s. he height of the lab desk is 1 m.
ow far away
does the ball land?
O ny push or pull is called a m


- ension
- ravitational force
- ir resistance
- ormal force
- Frictional force
- lectrostatic force
- uclear forces
m Law of Inertia Î  body at rest wants to stay at
rest or a body in motion wants to stay in motion
unless acted upon by an outside force
m  = ma

m Force is measure in ewtons (kgüm/s2)

m For every action, there is an equal but
opposite reaction
O What net force is required to maintain a 5000 kg
object moving at a constant velocity of magnitude
7500 m/s?
O
ow much force is required to cause an object of
mass 2 kg to have an acceleration of 4 m/s2? 8 
O n object feels two forces; one of strength 8  pulling
to the left and one of strength 20  pulling to the right.
If the object¶s mass is 4 kg, what is its acceleration? 3
m/s2
O  book whose mass is 2 kg rests on a table. Find the
magnitude of the force exerted by the table on the
book. 20 
m  can of paint with a mass of 6 kg hangs from a
rope. If the can is to be pulled up to a rooftop with
a constant velocity of 1 m/s , what must the
tension in the rope be? 60 
m What force must be exerted to lift a 50  object
with an acceleration of 10 m/s2? 100 
m he force that is perpendicular to the surface

m  book whose mass is 2 kg rests on a table. Find

the magnitude of the normal force exerted by the
table on the book. 20 
 O arallel to the surface and opposite the direction
of the intended motion

1) 6tatic friction Î the force that resists movement

Fs = ȝsF
2) Kinetic friction Î the force that acts on a moving
object
Fk = ȝkF
m  crate of mass 20 kg is sliding across a wooden
floor. he coefficient of kinetic friction between the
crate and the floor is 0.3
A Determine the strength of the friction force acting on the
crate. 60 
A If the crate is being pulled by a force of 90  (parallel to
the floor), find the acceleration of the crate. 1.5 m/s2
O  block slides down a frictionless, inclined plane
that makes a 30 degree angle with the horizontal.
Find the acceleration of this block. 5 m/s2
O 6uppose the same block slides down the same
inclined plane with a coefficient of kinetic friction of
0.3. Find the acceleration of the block
O c = v2/r
O Fc = mv2/r
O nything pointing towards the center of the circle is
positive, anything pointing away is negative

O n object of mass 5 kg moves at a constant speed of

6 m/s in a circular path of radius 2 m. Find the
object¶s acceleration and the net force responsible for
its motion. 18 m/s2 ; 90 
O n athlete who weighs 800  is running around a
curve at a speed of 5.0 m/s with a radius of 5.0 m.
Find the centripetal force acting on him & what
provides the centripetal force? 400  & static friction
O  roller-coaster car enters the circular loop portion
of the ride. t the very top of the circle, the speed
of the car is 15 m/s, and the acceleration points
straight down. If the diameter of the loop is 40 m
and the total mass of the car is 1200 kg, find the
magnitude of the normal force exerted by the track
on the car at this point. 1500 
O
ow would the normal force change if the car was
at the bottom of the circle? 25,500 
m o = Frsin
ounterclockwise Î orque is positive
lockwise Î orque is negative
m What is the net torque in the following picture? 5.6
üm
m W = Fdcos

m  crate is moved along a horizontal floor by a

worker who¶s pulling on it with a rope that makes a
30 degree angle with the horizontal. he tension
in the rope is 69  and the crate slides a distance
of 10 m.
ow much work is done on the crate by
the worker? 600 J
 O  box slides down an inclined plane with an angle
of 37 degrees. he mass of the block is 35 kg, the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.3, and the length
of the ramp is 8 m.

1.
ow much work is done by gravity? 1690 J

2.
ow much work is done by the normal force? 0 
3.
ow much work is done by friction? -671 J
4. What is the total work done?
O K = ½ mv2
O he energy an object possesses due to its motion

O  pool cue striking a stationary billiard ball (m =

0.25 kg) gives the ball a speed of 2 m/s. If the
average force of the cue on the ball was 200 ,
over what distance does this force act? 0.0025 m
m  = mgh
m he energy an object possesses due to its
position

m  60 kg stuntwoman scales a 40 m tall rock. What

is her gravitational potential energy? If she were
to jump off the cliff, what would her final velocity
be? 24,000 J; 28 m/s
O i = f
O Ki + i = Kf + ef

O  ball of mass 2 kg is gently pushed off the edge of a

table that is 5 m above the floor. Find the speed of the
ball as it strikes the floor. 10 m/s
O  box is projected up a long ramp with an incline of 37
degrees with an initial speed of 10 m/s. If the surface
of the ramp is frictionless, how high up the ramp will
the box go? What distance along the ramp will it
slide?
m  skydiver jumps from a hovering helicopter that¶s
3000 m above the ground. If air resistance can be
ignored, how fast will he be falling when his
altitude is 2000 m? 140 m/s
m Wile . oyote (m = 40 kg) falls off a 50 m high
cliff. n the way down, the force of air resistance
has an average strength of 100 . Find the speed
with which he crashes into the ground. 27 m/s
O he rate at which work is done
O  = W/t or  = Fv

O  mover pushes a large crate (m = 75 kg) from the

inside of the truck to the back end (distance of 6
m), exerting a steady push of 300 . If he moves
the crate this distance in 20 s, what is his power
output? 90 W
O What must be the power output of an elevator
motor that can lift a total mass of 1000 kg and give
the elevator a constant speed of 8.0 m/s? 80,000
W or 80 kW
O p = mv
O F = ¨p/¨t = ¨mv/¨t
O omentum is also conserved

O  golfer strikes a golf ball of mass 0.05 kg and the

time of impact between the golf club and the ball is
1 ms. If the ball acquires a velocity of magnitude
70 m/s, calculate the average force on the ball.
3500 
 O J = F¨t

O n 80 kg stuntman jumps out of a window that¶s 45 m

above the ground.
1.
ow fast is he falling when he reaches the ground?
30 m/s
2.
e lands on an air bag, coming to rest in 1.5s. What
average force does he feel while coming to rest? -
1600 
3. What if he had instead landed on the ground (impact
time 10 ms)? -240,000 
O lastic ollisions Î Kinetic nergy is conserved
O Inelastic ollisions Î Kinetic nergy is not conserved.

O wo balls roll toward each other. he red ball has a
mass of 0.5 kg and a speed of 4 m/s just before
impact. he green ball has a mass of 0.2 kg and a
speed of 2 m/s. fter the head-on collision, the red
ball continues forward with a speed of 2 m/s. Find the
speed of the green ball after the collision. Was the
collision elastic? 3.0 m/s; no
F = m1m2 / r2
 = 6.67 x 10-11  ü m2 / kg2

m iven that the radius of the earth is 6.37 x 106m,

determine the mass of the earth. 6.1 x 1024 kg
m n artificial satellite of mass m travels at a
constant speed in a circular orbit of radius R
around the earth (mass ). What is the speed of
the satellite? ¥ /R
m F = -kx
m he stiffer the spring, the greater the k
m Force and acceleration are greatest when
displacement is greatest.

m  12 cm long spring has a spring constant of 400

/m.
ow much force is required to stretch the
spring to a length of 14 cm? 8 
m elastic = ½ kx2
m  is maximized when spring is at the endpoints,
K is minimum
m  is 0 when spring is passing through x=0
(equilibrium) and K is maximum
m  0.05 kg block oscillates on a spring whose force
(spring) constant is 500 /m. he amplitude of
the oscillations is 4.0 cm. alculate the maximum
speed of the block. 4 m/s
m  2.0 kg block is attached to an ideal spring with a
force constant of 500 /m. he amplitude is 8.0
cm. Determine the total energy of the oscillator
and the speed of the block when it¶s 4.0 cm from
equilibrium. 1.6 J; 1.1 m/s
m  = 1/f
m  = 2š¥m/k
m w = 2šf, 2š/, ¥k/m

m  block oscillating on the end of a spring moves from

is position of maximum stretch to maximum
compression in 0.25 s. Determine the period and
frequency. 0.5 s; 2
z
m  student observing an oscillating block counts 45.5
cycles in one minute. Determine its frequency and
period. .758
z; 1.32s
m  2.0 kg block is attached to a spring whose
spring constant is 300 /m. alculate the
frequency and period. 1.9
z; 0.51 s
m  block is attached to a spring and set into
oscillatory motion and its frequency is measured.
If this block were removed and replaced by a
second block with ¼ the mass of the first block,
how would the frequency of the oscillations
compare? f increases by a factor of 2
 4
g
T L

m K is maximum at the equilibrium position

m Frequency nor period depends on the amplitude
for any object in 6

m  simple pendulum has a period of 1s on arth.
What would its period be on the moon, where g is
1/6th of the earth¶s value?2.4s
m p = m/v
m specific gravity = psubstance / pwater (1000 kg/m3)

m  cork has a volume of 4 cm3 and weighs .01 .

What is the specific gravity of the rock? 0.25
m  = F/
m 1 atm = 101,300 a (1.013 x 105 a)

m  vertical column made of cement has a base

area of 0.5 m2. If the height is 2 m, and the sp.
ravity of cement is 3, how much pressure does
this column exert on the ground? 6 x 104 a
m Fg = pvg
m liquid = pgh (depends only on density and depth)
m total = atm + liquid

m What is the gauge pressure of a swimming pool at

a point 1 m below the surface? 1 x104 a
m What happens to the gauge pressure if we double
the depth below the surface of a liquid? What
happens to the total pressure? auge pressure
increases by a factor of 2; otal pressure
increases by less than a factor of 2
m  flat piece of wood of area 0.5 m2 is lying at the
bottom of a lake. If the depth of the lake is 30 m,
what is the force on the wood due to the
pressure? 2 x 105 
m he net upward force of an object in a liquid is
called the buoyant force.
m rchimedes rinciple - he strength of the
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
FB = pvg

Vsub = pobject
Vtotal pfluid
m If pobject < pfluid , then the object will float

m  brick with a specific gravity of 2 and volume of

1.5 x 10-3 m3, is dropped into a swimming pool
full of water. xplain why the brick will sink. When
the brick is lying on the bottom of the pool, what is
the magnitude of the normal force on the brick?
6pecific gravity is greater than 1; 15 
m  glass sphere of specific gravity 2.5 and volume
of 10-3 m3 is completely submerged in a large
container of water. What is the apparent weight
of the sphere while immersed? 15 
m f = v
m 1v1 = 2v2 (flow speed increases when the pipe
narrows or inversely proportional)

m  pipe carries water. t one point in the pipe, the

radius is 2 cm and the flow speed is 6 m/s. What is
the flow rate? What is the flow speed where the
pipe¶s radius changes to 1 cm? 7.5 x 10-3 m3/s; 24
m/s
m If the diameter of the pipe increases from 4 cm to 12
cm, what will happen to the flow speed? 1/9 the
flowrate
m 6tates that energy is conserved for fluid flow
1 + pgy1 + ½ pv12 = 2 + pgy2 + ½ pv2
m he pressure is lower where the flow speed is
greater (airplanes, hurricanes).
m elsius to Fahrenheit
9/5 + 32 = F
m Fahrenheit to elsius
(F-32)5/9 = 
m elsius to Kelvin
 + 273 = K
m l = mc¨ (how much heat is added of removed
in the system to change the temperature)
m l = m (changing phases)
m 6p.
eat of water = 4186 J/kg š

m
 

 KkA
T
L
 ‰

‰Õ
O  brass rod 5 m long and 0.01 m in diameter
increases in length by 0.05 m when its
temperature is increased by 500°.  similar
brass rod of length 10 m has a diameter of 0.02 m.
By how much will this rod¶s diameter increase if its
temperature is increased by 1000°? 4 x 10-4 m
m n aluminum rod (p = 2.7 x 103 kg/m3 has a radius
of 0.01 m and an initial length of 2 m at a
temperature of 20°.
eat is added to raise its
temperature to 90°. Its coefficient of linear
expansion is = 25 x 10-6/°, the specific heat is 900
J/kg°, and a thermal conductivity of k = 200 J/s
m°.
A What is the mass of the aluminum rod? 1.7 kg
A What is the amount of heat added to the rod? 107,100 J
A What is the new length of the rod? 0.0035 m
A If we were to use this rod to transfer heat between two
objects one side being at 20° and the other side at 90°,
what would the rate of heat transfer be? 2.2 J/s
m  = F/ (a)
m v = nR
m 6peed of molecules of a gas

!kÕ !

ms  V
m ð

m In order for the average speed of the molecules in

a given sample of gas to double, what must
happen to the temperature? 6ince v is
proportional to square root of , the temperature
must quadruple
m  cylindrical container of radius 15 cm and height
30 cm contains 0.6 mole of gas at 433 K.
ow
much force does the confined gas exert on the lid
of the container? 35 
m ƒeroth aw Î
eat flows from the warmer object to
the cooler one until they reach thermal equilibrium.
m First aw

V ;
A W = -¨V
¢ Work is positive when work is done M the system (volume
id decreaseing
¢ Work is positive when work is done M the surroundings
(volume is increasing)
 Õ
S
 LAW  Õ
 AIS:
Õ
LAW 
Õ

eat flows spontaneously from a substance at a

higher temperature to a substance at a lower
temperature and does not flow spontaneously in the
reverse direction.

 (
w

w Tw 
 ˜ ˜

T

m  heat engine draws 800 J of heat from its high
temperature source and discards 450 J of exhaust
heat into its cold-temperature reservoir.
ow
much work does this engine perform and what is
its thermal efficiency? 350 J; 44%
m n inventor proposes a design for a heat engine
that operates between a heat source at 500° and
a cold reservoir at 25° with an efficiency of 2/3.
What¶s your reaction to the inventor¶s claim?
 ã
 

   
n isobaric process is a process that occurs at
constant pressure.

n isochoric process is a process that occurs at

constant volume.

n isothermal process is a process that occurs at

constant temperature.

n adiabatic process is a process during which no

energy is transferred to or from the system as heatat.
  4  
  4  4
 i
4 
F k 4

 Õ `       4
4
m onsider two small spheres, one carrying a
charge of +1.5n and the other a charge -2.0 n,
separated by a distance of 1.5 cm. Find the
electric force between them. -1.2 x 10-4 
 Õ
Õ F
EV
`
m It is the surrounding charges that create the electric field
at a given point.

$ Õhe electrostatic force points in the direction of

attraction

$ Õhe electric field always points away from the

positive charge and towards the negative charge.
 E k 4
„
m lectric field does not depend on the sign of the
test charge
m  charge q = +3.0 n is placed at a location at
which the electric field strength is 400 /. Find
the force felt by charge q. 1.2 x 10-6 
m  dipole is formed by two point charges, each of
magnitude 4.0 n, separated by a distance of 6.0
cm. What is the strength of the electric field at a
point midway between them? 8.0 x 104 /
m n object of mass 5g is placed at a distance of 2
cm above a charged plate. If the strength of the
electric field is 106 /, how much charge would
the object need to have in order for the electrical
repulsion to balance the gravitational pull? 5 x 10-8

m lectric Field ines ever ross
m lways perpendicular to the surface and point
WY from the positive  WRD the negative
m onductors permit the flow of excess charge;
they conduct electricity well (metals)
A here can be no electrostatic field within the body of a
conductor. Why?
m Insulators do not conduct electricity well.
lectrons do not flow well

m  solid sphere of copper is given a negative

charge. Discuss the electric field inside and
outside the sphere.
° °
° ° ;

;
` ` `
° °
° ° ;

;
` ` `
m  positive charge q1 = 2 + 10-6  is held
stationary, while a negative charge q2 = -1 x 10-8
, is released from rest at a distance of 10 cm
from q1. Find the kinetic energy change of charge
q2 when it¶s 1 cm from q1. 0.016 J
 


; >  
> ; ;

 >
m et l = 2 x 10-8 . What is the potential at a
oint  that is 2 cm from l? 900 V
m
ow much work is done as a charge moves along
an equipotential surface? 0
m apacitors are storage devices for electricity.
q = V
m arallel plate capacitors
M
V `
?
m  10 nF parallel plate capactior holds a charge of
50ȝ on each plate. What is the electric potential
difference between the plates? If the plates are
separated by a distance of 0.2 mm, what is the
area of each plate? 5000 V; 0.23 m2
m mount of voltage the battery produces
m I = q/t (mps, )
m he direction of the current is taken to be the
direction that a positive charge would move
m esistors are devices that control current
m R = V/I ( hm¶s aw)
m otice that if the current is large, the resistance is
low. If the current is small, the resistance is high.
m Resistivity:
 Ä
§

resistivity in units of ohm·meter

m  wire of radius 1mm and length 2 m is made of
platinum (resistivity = 1 x 10-7 ȍOm). If a voltage of
9 V is applied between the ends of the wire, what
will be the resulting current? 140 

V

V  
V  4 

 4


 
m ombining Resistors
A 6eries (one after the other):
¢ dd as normal
V ( ( ! (i

A arallel (side by side):

¢ dd as inverse ( ( (i
 
 !
¢ 6ame voltage applied across each device
m alculate the equivalent resistance in the circuit
m ombining apacitors
A 6eries (one after the other):
¢ dd as inverse ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
( ( (i
w w˜ w4 w!

A arallel (side by side):

¢ dd as normal w V w˜ ( w4 ( w! ( i

m  = q/V
m Field lines travel away from the orth poles and
travel toward the 6outh poles.
ÑÑÑÑÑ üüüüü
ÑÑÑÑÑ üüüüü
ÑÑÑÑÑ üüüüü
ÑÑÑÑÑ üüüüü

 



 K



m he magnetic force always remains

perpendicular to the velocity and is directed
toward the center of the circular path.
m Right
and Rule #1 (for positive charges)
A humb Î Direction particle is traveling
A Index Î Direction of agnetic Field
A iddle Î Direction of agnetic Force

m If the charge is 
 , the force is the
opposite direction
m age 249
m age 251   > |

m g 255 

V
4Õ „
  V 

˜
 

 In the drawing, one cycle is shaded in color.

he amplitude  is the maximum excursion of a particle of the medium from

the particles undisturbed position.

he wavelength is the horizontal length of one cycle of the wave.

he period is the time required for one complete cycle.

he frequency is related to the period and has units of
z, or s-1.


Õ
m 6ound travels faster through solids, then liquids,
then gases.

m L
ï

mï
 I
DI 6
D WV6

he area of condensation is

the region of compression
with increased air pressure

he area of rarefaction is

the region behind the
condensation with
decreased air pressure
m c = 3.00 x 108 m/s (speed of light)
m g 313
m aw of Reflection
A Incident angle is the same as the reflected angle
m n = c/v
m 6nell¶s Law Î relates the angle of incidence and
the angle of refraction
› 
V ›4 
4
m If n2<n1, light bends WY from the normal. If
n2>n1, light bends  WRD the normal.
m  beam of light in air is incident upon a piece of
glass striking the surface at an angle of 30
degrees. If the index of refraction of the glass is
1.5, what are the angles of reflection and
refraction? 60±; 35±
m writical Angle - he angle of incidence at which
the angle of refraction is 90±

o light is refracted
out and the beam is refracted along the surface.
A If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle,
no beams of light are refracted.

›4










› ” ›4
›
m age 319
m Focal length = R/2
m oncave irrors
1. n incident ray parallel to the axis that is reflected
through the focal point
2. n incident ray that passes through the focal point and
reflected parallel
3. n incident ray that strikes the vertex is reflected at an
equal angle to the axis
m onvex irrors
1. n incident ray parallel to the axis is reflected away
from the focal point
2. n incident ray directed towards the focal point is
reflected parallel to the axis
3. n incident ray that strikes the vertex is reflected at an
equal angle to the axis
m age 323
m age 324
m irror quation
˜ ˜ ˜
V


m agnification quation

V V

` `
 6ummary of 6ign wonventions for 6pherical Mirrors

m  (





m is ; for a convex mirror.

` is ( if the object is in front of the mirror.


 |;   | 
m 

? V  |(  eobec |
 o
o  em  eal mage)

 V  ;    
m  l m )

 (
 
  

m is ; for n inv rt d obj t.
m n object of height 4 cm is placed 30 cm in front of
a concave mirror whose focal length is 10 cm.
A Where¶s the image? 15 cm
A Is it real or virtual? real
A Is it upright or inverted? inverted
A What the height? -2cm
m n object of height 4 cm is placed in front of a
convex mirror whose focal length is -30cm.
A Where¶s the image? Î 12 cm
A Is it real or virtual? virtual
A Is it upright or inverted? upright
A What¶s the height of the image? 2.4 cm
m onverging lenses cause rays of light to converge
to a focal point.
m Diverging lenses cause rays of light to diverge
away from the focal point
m onverging enses
A Incident ray parallel to the axis is refracted through the
focal point.
A Incident rays pass through the center point of the lens.
m Diverging enses
A n incident ray parallel to the axis is reflected away from
the focal point
A Incident rays pass through the center point of the lens.
m age 330
m age 331
 6ummary of 6ign wonventions for Lenses (page 827)

m  (
  
 Ô 

m is ; for a diverging Ôens.

` is ( if the object is to the Ôeft of the Ôens.


 ;     l 

 V  |(   m m

  l |l m)
 V  ;    
l  l  l )

 (
 
  

m is ; for n inv rt d i g .
m n object of height 11 cm is placed 44 cm in front
of a converging lens with a focal length of 24 cm
A Where¶s the image? 53 cm
A Is it real or virtual? real
A Is it upright or inverted? inverted
A What¶s the height of the image? -13 cm
m n object of height 11 cm is placed 48 cm in front
of a diverging lens with a focal length of -24.5 cm.
A Where¶s the image? -16 cm
A Is it real or virtual? virtual
A Is it upright or inverted? upright
A What¶s the height of the image? 3.7 cm