Group 3: 1. Yuni Wulandari 2. Choirun Nisa Putri A. 3. Faitul Romela 4. Nurroddin Faridoh

Group 3:
1. Yuni Wulandari
2. Choirun Nisa Putri A.
3. Faitul Romela
4. Nurroddin Faridoh
EYE
The human eye is an organ which reacts to light and pressure.
Human eyes help to provide a three dimensional, moving image,
normally coloured in daylight. Rod and cone cells in
the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including
color differentiation and the perception of depth
Structure
The eye is not shaped like a perfect sphere, rather it is a fused
two-piece unit, composed of the anterior segment and the
posterior segment. The anterior segment is made up of the cornea,
iris and lens. The cornea is transparent and more curved, and is
linked to the larger posterior segment, composed of the vitreous,
retina, choroid and the outer white shell called the sclera. The
cornea is typically about 11.5 mm (0.3 in) in diameter, and
1/2 mm (500 μm) in thickness near its center.
Component
Eye is made up of three coats, or layers, enclosing various
anatomical structures. The outermost layer, known as
the fibroustunic, is composed of the cornea and sclera. The
middle layer, known as the vascular tunic or uvea, consists of
the choroid, ciliary body, pigmented epithelium and iris. The
innermost is the retina, which gets its oxygenation from the blood
vessels of the choroid (posteriorly) as well as the retinal vessels
(anteriorly).
Parts Of Eye
Cornea The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye and is primarily
responsible for focusing the light that comes into our eyes.
Pupil The pupil is the black circle in the center of the eye, and its
primary function is to monitor the amount of light that comes
into the eye.
Iris The iris is the colored part of the eye. Although it might seem purely
cosmetic, the iris actually functions to adjust the size of the pupil. It has
muscles that contract or expand depending on the amount of light the pupil
needs to process images.
Lens The lens exists behind the pupil and is responsible for
allowing your eyes to focus on small details like words in a book.
Vitreous Humour The vitreous humour is a gel-like substance that helps to

keep the eyeball in its proper, circular shape. This is the area in the eye where
floaters develop as pieces of the vitreous humor clump together and cast
shadows onto the retina.
Retina The retina is the area at the back of the eye that receives the refined,
visual message from the front of the eye, and it transmits that visual message
to the brain using electrical signals.
Sclera The sclera is the white part of the eye, and its main function is
to provide strength, structure, and protection for the eye.
Anterior & Posterior Chamber The anterior chamber is between

the cornea and the iris, the posterior chamber is between the iris
and the lens. Contains the aqueous humor.
The Macula Covering the fovea is a pigment called the macula. it

is thought that the macula serves as a protective filter over the
foviea that absorbs blue and ultraviolet radiation.
Vitreous Humor Fills the space between lens and retina
The central fovea is a small, central pit composed of closely packed

cones in the eye. It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the
retina. The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called
foveal vision), which is necessary for human activities where visual
details.
Vision
• Field of view
• Dynamic range
• Eye movement
• Extraocular muscles
• Rapid eye movement
• Saccades
• Microsaccades
• Vestibulo-ocular reflexes
• Smooth pursuit movement
• Optokinetic reflex
Near response
• Vergence movement
• Pupil constriction
• Accommodation of the lens
Clinical significance
Eye care professionals
The human eye contains enough complexity to warrant
specialized attention and care beyond the duties of a general
practitioner. These specialists, or eye care professionals, serve
different functions in different countries.
Eye irritation
Eye irritation has been defined as "the magnitude of any stinging,
scratching, burning, or other irritating sensation from the eye".It
is a common problem experienced by people of all ages.
Related eye symptoms and signs of irritation are discomfort,
dryness, excess tearing, itching, grating, foreign body sensation,
ocular fatigue, pain, scratchiness, soreness, redness, swollen
eyelids, and tiredness, etc.
Eye disease
There are many diseases, disorders, and age-related changes that
may affect the eyes and surrounding structures.
As the eye ages, certain changes occur that can be attributed
solely to the aging process. Most of these anatomic and
physiologic processes follow a gradual decline.
Macular degeneration
• Macular degeneration is especially prevalent in the U.S. and
affects roughly 1.75 million Americans each year.Having lower
levels of lutein and zeaxanthin within the macula may be
associated with an increase in the risk of age-related macular
degeneration, Lutein and zeaxanthin act as antioxidants that
protect the retina and macula from oxidative damage from high-
energy light waves
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Vitreous Humour The vitreous humour is a gel-like substance that helps to

Anterior & Posterior Chamber The anterior chamber is between

The Macula Covering the fovea is a pigment called the macula. it

The central fovea is a small, central pit composed of closely packed

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