Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 260 views

    Inductive Effect: Seminar By: G.Harish M.Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Harish Harsha
    The document discusses inductive effect, which is the polarization of a sigma bond due to electron withdrawing or donating groups. It has a permanent effect that decreases with distance from the group, and influences chemical and physical properties. Butyl chloride is used to illustrate inductive effect being transmitted through carbon chains. Negative inductive groups withdraw electron density, while positive inductive alkyl groups donate density. Applications include stability of carbonium ions and basicity of amines.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Inductive Effect: Seminar By: G.Harish M.Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Harish Harsha
    260 views10 pages
    The document discusses inductive effect, which is the polarization of a sigma bond due to electron withdrawing or donating groups. It has a permanent effect that decreases with distance from the group, and influences chemical and physical properties. Butyl chloride is used to illustrate inductive effect being transmitted through carbon chains. Negative inductive groups withdraw electron density, while positive inductive alkyl groups donate density. Applications include stability of carbonium ions and basicity of amines.

    Original Description:

    seminar by G.HARISH M.Pharmacy ANDHRA UNIVERSITY

    Original Title

    Inductive Effect

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses inductive effect, which is the polarization of a sigma bond due to electron withdrawing or donating groups. It has a permanent effect that decreases with distance from the group, and influences chemical and physical properties. Butyl chloride is used to illustrate inductive effect being transmitted through carbon chains. Negative inductive groups withdraw electron density, while positive inductive alkyl groups donate density. Applications include stability of carbonium ions and basicity of amines.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    260 views10 pages

    Inductive Effect: Seminar By: G.Harish M.Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Harish Harsha
    The document discusses inductive effect, which is the polarization of a sigma bond due to electron withdrawing or donating groups. It has a permanent effect that decreases with distance from the group, and influences chemical and physical properties. Butyl chloride is used to illustrate inductive effect being transmitted through carbon chains. Negative inductive groups withdraw electron density, while positive inductive alkyl groups donate density. Applications include stability of carbonium ions and basicity of amines.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    INDUCTIVE EFFECT

    SEMINAR BY:
    G.HARISH
    M.PHARMACY
    PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
    Introduction:

    Definition: The polarization of a σ bond due to electron withdrawing or electron


    donating effect of adjacent groups or atoms is calledinductive effect
    Salient features of inductive effect
     * It arises due to electronegativity difference between two atoms forming a
    sigma bond.
     * It is transmitted through the sigma bonds.
     * The magnitude of inductive effect decreases while moving away from the
    groups causing it.
     * It is a permanent effect.
     * It influences the chemical and physical properties of compounds.
    ILLUSTRATION OF INDUCTIVE EFFE

     The C-Cl bond in the butyl chloride, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-Cl is polarized


    due to electronegativity difference. The electrons are withdrawn by the
    chlorine atom. Thus the first carbon atom gets partial positive charge.
    In turn, this carbon atom drags electron density partially from the next
    carbon, which also gets partial positive charge. Thus the inductive
    effect is transmitted through the carbon chain.

     But the inductive effect weakens away along the chain and is not
    significant beyond 3rd carbon atom.
    TYPES OF INDUCTIVE EFFECT

    Negative inductive effect (-I):


    Positive inductive effect (+I)
    Negative inductive effect (-I):
    The electron withdrawing nature of groups or atoms is called as negative
    inductive effect. It is indicated by -I. Following are the examples of groups
    in the decreasing order of their -I effect:
    NH3+ > NO2 > CN > SO3H > CHO > CO > COOH > COCl > CONH2 > F >
    Cl > Br > I > OH > OR > NH2 > C6H5 > H
    2) Positive inductive effect (+I):
    It refers to the electron releasing nature of the
    groups or atoms and is denoted by +I. Following are
    the examples of groups in the decreasing order of
    their +I effect.
    C(CH3)3 > CH(CH3)2 > CH2CH3 > CH3 > H
     Why alkyl groups are showing positive inductive effect?
     Though the C-H bond is practically considered as non-polar, there is
    partial positive charge on hydrogen atom and partial negative charge
    on carbon atom. Therefore each hydrogen atom acts as electron
    donating group. This cumulative donation turns the alkyl moiety into an
    electron donating group.
    APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTIVE EFFECT

     Stability of carbonium ions:


     The stability of carbonium ions increases with increase in number of
    alkyl groups due to their +I effect. The alkyl groups release electrons
    to carbon, bearing positive charge and thus stabilizes the ion.
     The order of stability of carbonium ions is :
    Basic strength of amines: The electron donating groups like
    alkyl groups increase the basic strength of amines whereas
    the electron withdrawing groups like aryl groups decrease
    the basic nature. Therefore alkyl amines are stronger Lewi
    bases than ammonia, whereas aryl amines are weaker than
    ammonia.
    Thus the order of basic strength of alkyl and aryl amines
    with respect to ammonia is :CH3NH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2
    Reactivity of carbonyl compounds:
    The +I groups increase the electron density at carbonyl carbon. Hence
    their reactivity towards nucleophiles decreases. Thus formaldehyde is
    more reactive than acetaldehyde and acetone towards nucleophilic
    addition reactions.
    Thus the order of reactivity follows:

    You might also like