Engineering Graphics: Projection Theory (Part: Two)

ME-102
Engineering Graphics
Lecture #: 3
Projection Theory
(Part: Two)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective Parallel
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric Multiview
Perspective Projection
• Perspective projection mimic what the
human eye sees.
• Requires that the object be positioned
at finite distance and viewed from a
single point (SP: Station Point)
• Projectors are not parallel.

• Image formed is always
shorter/larger than the actual
dimension of the object.
• Are somewhat difficult to create.
Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not

used by engineer for
manufacturing of parts,
because:
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
Width is distorted
shape and size.
One, Two & Three Point Perspective Projection
Axonometric Projection
Parallel & normal
to picture plane
B
A
D
Line C
of B
A
sight
D
C
Axonometric Projection
Type of axonometric drawing
Axonometric axis
a
1. Isometric All angles are equal.
b c
B
A B
a Axonometric axis
AC D
2. Dimetric b c Two angles are equal.
D
a Axonometric axis
3. Trimetric b c None of angles are
equal.
Isometric Drawing
Isometric drawing is a drawing drawn on an isometric
axes using full scale.
Isometric projection Isometric drawing

(True projection) (Full scale)
Forshorten
Full scale
Positions of Isometric Axes
Isometric axes can be arbitrarily positioned to create
different views of a single object.
Regular Reverse axis Long axis

isometric isometric isometric
View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking

down on the top of up on the bottom of from the right (or left)
the object. the object. of the object.
Distance in Isometric Drawing
True-length distances are shown along
isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to any of
the isometric axes.
Nonisometric lines
Isometric axes
Sketch from an actual object
1. Place the object in the position which its shape
and features are clearly seen.
2. Define an isometric axis.
3. Sketching the enclosing box.

4. Estimate the size an and relationship of each
details.
5. Darken all visible lines.
STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing box.
4. Add details.
5. Darken visible lines.

STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing
box.
4. Add details.
5. Darken visible lines.
Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted

unless they are absolutely necessary to completely
describe the object.
Sketch from multiview drawing
1. Interprete the meaning of lines/areas in

multiview drawing.
2. Locate the lines or surfaces relative to isometric

axis.
Example 1 : Object has only normal surfaces
Top
Regular H
Top View
Front
Side
W
D
Front View Side View
H
W D
Side
Reverse Front
Bottom View
Bottom
Example 2 : Object has inclined surfaces
D
Nonisometric line
H
y
x
x Front View
W
Example 3 : Object has inclined surfaces
C B A x
x x
B
C A
y y
C
B A
Nonisometric line
Oblique Projection
Parallel & oblique

to picture plane
A
A
Line
B B
of C
sight C
D
D
Oblique Projection
• Is the basis for oblique drawing and sketching.
• Form of parallel projection, projectors are parallel to each other.
• Projectors are not perpendicular to the plane of projection.
• One face of an object is parallel to the plane of projection.
Oblique Projection
Oblique drawing angle
60o
45o
A
30o
B
C
A B Type of Oblique drawing
D
1) Cavalier 2) Cabinet
C D
Full
scale Half
scale
45o 45o
Oblique Drawings
Place complex features (arc, hole, irregular shape
surface parallel to frontal plane.
Orientation Guidelines
Object Orientation Guidelines
The longest dimension of an object should be
parallel to the frontal plane.
GOOD GOOD
WORSE WORSE
Object Orientation Guidelines
Which orientation is better ?

Sketch from actual object
ESTIMATE DEPTH
ESTIMATE LINES
45
ASSIGNMENT #1
Draw two isometric drawing (both on single page) of a cube
with length of each side =40mm & 50mm. Draw inscribed
circles on each of the expose faces of the cubes (As in Fig)
Instructions:
Draw on A4 paper, in portrait
layout with Margins & Title Box
as demonstrated.
Draw circles as per Hints on next
slide
SUBMIT IN THE NEXT
CLASS
No assignments to TA’s or my
office Acceptable.
Late submissions = ZERO
Hints for Inscribed circles
Cube 1 (40mm) Cube 2 (50mm)

Thank you….
End of Lecture 3

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ME-102

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

• Projectors are not parallel.

Perspective projection is not

Isometric projection Isometric drawing

Regular Reverse axis Long axis

View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking

2. Define an isometric axis.

3. Sketching the enclosing box.

2. Select isometric axis.

3. Sketch enclosing box.

5. Darken visible lines.

5. Darken visible lines.

Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted

1. Interprete the meaning of lines/areas in

2. Locate the lines or surfaces relative to isometric

Parallel & oblique

Which orientation is better ?

Cube 1 (40mm) Cube 2 (50mm)

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