Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
OBJECT
Weight
Object, W
Problem 1
Volume displaced, V =W
𝜌g
= 1156.35 x 1000
1000 x 9.81
= 118 m3
Problem 2
Determine the volume and relative density of an object that
has a value equal to the weight in air 2703N and in water
1909N.
Solution:
i) For stability;
The net value of the buoyancy, R = 2703 – 1909
= 794N
R = 𝜌gV
𝑅
V=
𝜌𝑔
794
=
1000 𝑥 9.81
= 0.081 m3
ii) Relative density,
𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜌relative =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
@
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜌relative =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
2703
9.81
= 794
9.81
= 3.404
2.2 Stability of Fully
Submerged Bodies
• For stability of a submerged body, body
center of gravity (G) must be located
directly below center of buoyancy (B) fluid
slipped.
W W
G
B
R R
W
3 types of
equilibrium
3.Neutral
equilibrium
1. Stable equilibrium
Note!!!!
When M was sitting on G, then GM
valued positive ( +ve).
2. Unstable equilibrium
• If the body does not return to its original position from the
slightly displaced angular position and heels farther away,
when given a small displacement, such an equilibrium is called
an unstabled equilibrium.
• Reversal Moment
Wx = W x GM x cos (90°-𝜃) …………… Equation 8
Note!
When M lies beneath G, then GM
valued negative (-ve).
Figure 2.3 (a), (b)
3. Neutral equilibrium
• If a body, when given a small angular displacement, occupies a new
position and remains at rest in this new position, it is said possess a
neutral equilibrium.
• where;
GM = 0 (no rotation moment)
* object position would be neutral.
Note!
When M overlaps with G, then GM = 0.
Figure 2.4 (a), (b)
2.4 Determine the Location of
Metacentre of Floating Bodies
• There are 2 method on Determining
Metacentre Height (GM)
• Analytical Method
• Experimental Method
1. Analytical method
Consider floating body as shown in Fig. 2.5 is in equilibrium.
Figure 2.5 (b) shows the position of body in tilted position when it is
given a small angular displacement in clockwise sense.
This is due to the more portion of body on right side of vertical axis
sinks in the liquid.
Due to the angular displacement, the body tilts and the wedge
shaped portion AOA1 on left side of axis emerges out from
liquid and portion DOD1 on right side of axis sinks down in the
liquid.
These two equal and opposite forces form a couple and tends
to rotate the body in anticlockwise direction.
Due to the angular displacement, the body tilts and the wedge
shaped portion AOA1 on left side of axis emerges out from
liquid and portion DOD1 on right side of axis sinks down in the
liquid.
These two equal and opposite forces form a couple and tends
to rotate the body in anticlockwise direction.
Figure 2.5
• The centre of buoyancy has been shifted from B to B1 and
due to this moment developed in anticlockwise direction. The
effect of these two couples must be same.
b = 30 m
d = 20 m
B
h
O
• Note :
h = depth of immersed
𝑊𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 = 𝑊𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
5.866×106
ℎ=
7.0632×106
𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟏 𝒎
10 0.831
BG = OG − OB = − = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝒎
2 2
𝑏𝑑 3 30 × 203
I= = = 20000𝑚4
12 12
V = 30 × 20 × 0.831 = 498.6 𝑚3
𝐼 20000
MB = = = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝒎
𝑉 498.6
b = 12 m
d = 7.6 m
h B
O
𝑊𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦 = 𝑊𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑏ℎ3 12 × 7.63
I= = = 438.976 𝑚4
12 12
𝐼 438.976
MB = = = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝟕 𝒎
𝑉 88.738
• The weight of the ship W and the force of buoyancy will form an anti-
clockwise couple, whose
moment = 𝑾 × 𝑮𝑴𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
• Since these two moments are equal but opposite in directions, therefore ,
𝑾. 𝑮𝑴. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒘. 𝒙
𝒘𝒙
𝑮𝑴 =
𝑾 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
Problem 5
A weight of 20kN moved through a distance of 9 metres
across the deck of a pontoon of 1500kN displacement,
floating in water. This makes a pendulum 27 mm long,
move through 1.3 mm horizontally. Calculate the
metacentric height of the pontoon.
• Solution.
Given: w = 20 kN; x = 9m and W = 1500kN
We know that the angle of heel,
1.3 θ
tanθ = = 0.048 27mm
27
𝑤. 𝑥 20 × 9
𝐺𝑀 = = = 2.5𝑚
𝑊𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 1500 × 0.048
1.3mm
Exercise
1. A vessel has a length of 60m, width 8.4m and a
displacement 15MN. A weight of 150kN moved
through a distance of 6m across the deck causes the
ship to heel through 3o. Determine the metacentric
height. (Ans; 1.15m)
2. A ship weighing 20MN heels over 2 degrees, when a
load of 150kN is moved across its deck through a
distance of 5 m. Find the metacentric height of the
ship. (Ans. 1.07m)
3. A ship weighs 32MN. If a load of 200kN is moved
through a distance of 6m across the deck, it cause 3m
long pendulum to move 75mm horizontally. Find the
metacentric height of the ship. (Ans. 1.5m)