Graphene Can Be Described As A One-Atom Thick Layer of Graphite

INTRODUCTION
 Graphene can be described as a

one-atom thick layer of graphite.
 It is the basic structural element of

other allotropes, including graphite,
charcoal, carbon nanotubes and
fullerenes.
 Graphene is the strongest, thinnest

material known to exist.
Graphene is an atomic-scale
honeycomb lattice made of carbon
atoms.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Graphene is chemically the most reactive

form of carbon.
 Only form of carbon (and generally all solid
materials) in which each single atom is in
exposure for chemical reaction from two
sides (due to the 2D structure).
 Carbon atoms at the edge of graphene
sheets have special chemical reactivity.
 Graphene burns at very low temperature
(e.g., 350 °C).
 Graphene has the highest ratio of edgy
carbons (in comparison with similar
materials such as carbon nanotubes).
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES
 Electrons are able to flow through graphene more easily

than through even copper.
 The electrons travel through the graphene sheet as if they
carry no mass, as fast as just one hundredth that of the
speed of light.
 High charge carrier mobility, for which values of 10,000
cm2/Vs, in some cases even 200,000 cm2/Vs were reported.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 It was found that graphene is harder

than diamond and about 300 times
harder than steel.
 The tensile strength of graphene
exceeds 1 TPa.
 It is stretchable up to 20% of its
initial length.
THERMAL PROPERTIES
 Graphene is a perfect thermal conductor
 Its thermal conductivity is much higher than all the other
carbon structures as carbon nanotubes, graphite and
diamond (> 5000 W/m/K) at room temperature
 Graphite, the 3 D version of graphene, shows a thermal
conductivity about 5 times smaller (1000 W/m/K)
 The ballistic thermal conductance of graphene is
isotropic, i.e. same in all directions
PROPERTIES OF SINGLE LAYER
GRAPHENE SHEET
 Young’s Modulus Of Elasticity, E=1060 Gpa

 Density, ρ= 2250 kg/m3
 Poissons Ratio, ѵ= 0.25
 Thickness, h= 0.34 nm
The thickness of graphene sheet is impossible to determine.
Therefore, we assume that the thickness of graphene is equal
to the spacing between graphene layers in graphite.
 For analysis, we are assuming,
Length, a= 10 nm & width, b= 5 nm
VIBRATION
Vibration is a
mechanical
phenomenon
whereby
oscillations occur
about an
equilibrium point.
Vibration …
Useful Vibration Harmful vibration
Compressor
Noise
Testing
Destruction
Wear
Ultrasonic
cleaning
Fatigue
DEFINITIONS
• Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after equal intervals

of time.
• Time period: Time taken to complete one cycle.
• Frequency: Number of cycles per unit time.
• Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from

its equilibrium position.
• Natural frequency: When no external force acting on the system

after giving it an initial displacement, the body vibrates. These
vibrations are called free vibrations and their frequency as natural
frequency. It is expressed in rad/sec or Hertz.
• Resonance: In mechanical systems, resonance is a phenomenon

that only occurs when the frequency at which a force is periodically
applied is equal or nearly equal to one of the natural frequencies of
the system on which it acts
TYPES OF VIBRATION
1. FREE VIBRATION
2. DAMPED VIBRATION
3. FORCED VIBRATION
Free vibration
 When a system is initially disturbed by a displacement,
velocity or acceleration, the system begins to vibrate
with a constant amplitude and frequency depend on its
stiffness and mass.
 This frequency is called as natural frequency, and the
form of the vibration is called as mode shapes
Equilibrium pos.
General solution for Free Vibration
• If a particle is displaced through a distance xm from its
equilibrium position and released with no velocity, the
particle will undergo simple harmonic motion,
ma  F  W  k  st  x   kx
mx  kx  0
• General solution is the sum of two particular solutions,
 k   k 
x  C1 sin  t   C 2 cos t 
 m   m 
 C1 sin  n t   C 2 cos n t 
• x is a periodic function and n is the natural circular
frequency of the motion.
• C1 and C2 are determined by the initial conditions:
x  C1 sin  nt   C2 cos nt  C2  x0
v  x  C1 n cos nt   C2 n sin  nt  C1  v0  n
19 - 13

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INTRODUCTION

 Graphene can be described as a

 It is the basic structural element of

 Graphene is the strongest, thinnest

 Graphene is chemically the most reactive

 Electrons are able to flow through graphene more easily

 It was found that graphene is harder

 Young’s Modulus Of Elasticity, E=1060 Gpa

• Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after equal intervals

• Time period: Time taken to complete one cycle.

• Frequency: Number of cycles per unit time.

• Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from

• Natural frequency: When no external force acting on the system

• Resonance: In mechanical systems, resonance is a phenomenon

• C1 and C2 are determined by the initial conditions:

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