2D Transformation: Prepared By-Deep Tank (160110116052) Kishan Thakur (160110116054) Harshal Dankhara (160110116064)

2D Transformation
Prepared by-
Deep Tank(160110116052)
Kishan Thakur(160110116054)
Harshal Dankhara(160110116064)
2D Transformation
What is Transformation ?
• Transformation means changing some graphics into something else by
applying rules. We can have various types of transformations such as
translation, scaling up or down, rotation, shearing etc. When a
transformation takes place on a 2D plane, it is called 2D
transformation.
• Transformations play an important role in computer graphics to
reposition the graphics on the screen and change their size or
orientation.
2D Transformation
Homogenous Coordinates
• To perform a sequence of transformation such as translation followed
by rotation and scaling, we need to follow a sequential process −
- Translate the coordinates,
- Rotate the translated coordinates, and then
- Scale the rotated coordinates to complete the composite
transformation.
2D Transformation
Homogenous Coordinates
• To shorten this process, we have to use 3×3 transformation matrix
instead of 2×2 transformation matrix. To convert a 2×2 matrix to 3×3
matrix, we have to add an extra dummy coordinate W.
• In this way, we can represent the point by 3 numbers instead of 2
numbers, which is called Homogenous Coordinate system. In this
system, we can represent all the transformation equations in matrix
multiplication. Any Cartesian point PX, Y can be converted to
homogenous coordinates by P’ (Xh, Yh, h).
2D Transformation
Translation
• A translation moves an object to a different position on the screen.
You can translate a point in 2D by adding translation coordinate (tx,
ty) to the original coordinate X, Y to get the new coordinate X ′, Y′.
2D Transformation
Translation
2D Transformation
Translation
• From the above figure, you can write that −
X’ = X + tx
Y’ = Y + ty
• The pair (tx, ty) is called the translation vector or shift vector.
• The above equations can also be represented using the column
vectors.
P'  P  T, with
 x'   x  tx 
P '    , P    and T   
 y'  y ty 
2D Transformation
Rotation
2D Transformation
What is rotation
• In rotation, we rotate the object at particular angle θ (theta) from its
origin. From the following figure, we can see that the point P(X, Y) is
located at angle φ from the horizontal X coordinate with distance r
from the origin.
• Let us suppose you want to rotate it at the angle θ. After rotating it to
a new location, you will get a new point P’ (X’, Y’).
2D Transformation
Let us suppose you want to rotate it at

the angle θ. After rotating it to a new
location, you will get a new point P’
(X’, Y’).
2D Transformation
Using standard trigonometric the original coordinate of point P(X, Y) can

be represented as −
X=rcosϕ ......(1)
Y=rsinϕ ......(2)
Same way we can represent the point P’ (X’, Y’) as −
x′=rcos(ϕ+θ)=rcosϕcosθ−rsinϕsinθ .......(3)
y′=rsin(ϕ+θ)=rcosϕsinθ+rsinϕcosθ .......(4)
Substituting equation (1) & (2) in (3) & (4) respectively, we will get
x′=xcosθ−ysinθ
y′=xsinθ+ycosθ
2D Transformation
• Representing the above equation in matrix form,
Where R is the rotation matrix

2D Transformation
• The rotation angle can be positive and negative.

• For positive rotation angle, we can use the above rotation matrix.
However, for negative angle rotation, the matrix will change as shown
below −
2D Transformation
Scaling
• To change the size of an object, scaling transformation is used. In the

scaling process, you either expand or compress the dimensions of the
object. Scaling can be achieved by multiplying the original coordinates
of the object with the scaling factor to get the desired result.
2D Transformation
• Let us assume that the original coordinates are (X, Y), the scaling
factors are (SX, SY), and the produced coordinates are (X’, Y’). This can
be mathematically represented as shown below −
X' = X . SX and Y' = Y . SY
2D Transformation
• The scaling factor SX, SY scales the object in X and Y direction

respectively. The above equations can also be represented in matrix
form as below −
• Where S is the scaling matrix.

2D Transformation
The scaling process is shown in the
following figure.
If we provide values less than 1 to the scaling factor S, then we can reduce the size of the object. If we
provide values greater than 1, then we can increase the size of the object.

2D Transformation: Prepared By-Deep Tank (160110116052) Kishan Thakur (160110116054) Harshal Dankhara (160110116064)

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2D Transformation

Let us suppose you want to rotate it at

Using standard trigonometric the original coordinate of point P(X, Y) can

Same way we can represent the point P’ (X’, Y’) as −

• Representing the above equation in matrix form,

Where R is the rotation matrix

• The rotation angle can be positive and negative.

• To change the size of an object, scaling transformation is used. In the

• The scaling factor SX, SY scales the object in X and Y direction

• Where S is the scaling matrix.

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