Wastewater Treatment: Lectuer-2: Water Resources and Quality Parameters

Wastewater Treatment
Lectuer-2: Water resources and quality parameters
Outlines
Water sources
Water quality parameters
-Physical
-Chemical
-Biological
Wastewater standards
Summary
The water cycle
Classification of water sources
Available water sources
Freshwater: 3% of total water on earth

-Surface water from lakes and rivers
-Groundwater
-Water released by melting of snow
Saline water: 97% of total water on earth
-Brackish groundwater
-Sea water
Wastewater (FOCUS): 90% of the water
used in agriculture, industry and human
consumption
Ask yourself
The waste water originated from your house.?
How much freshwater is consumed.?
Where are the disposal/remediation techniques

What is wastewater.?
.???
-The water originated from waste resources
The water which is a threat to:

-Human health
-Aquatic health
-Environmental health
-Ecological system
-The water which is just waste (of no-use)

Types of wastewater
Wastewater contain?
A wide variety of pollutants:
-Organic matter
-Inorganic matter
-Food
-Plastic
-Sand
-Stone
-Metals
-Microbes
-Oil, fats and proteins
-Fecal matter
-Color
-Taste
-Odor
Rationale of wastewater
-To conserve water

-To safeguard human health
-To protect aquatic life
-To protect plant life
-To remove nutrients
-To protect ecological system
Also
-To produce energy (carbon)
-To recover resources
Wastewater is also an opportunity !!!

Water quality parameters
Physical:
Suspended solids, Color, Odor and
Taste
Chemical: Dissolve solids, Dissolve

gases, Total dissolve solids
Biological: Micro-organisms present in

water
Physical parameters
Color
–Caused by SS and Natural Organic Matter
(NOM)
– NOM is a mixture of organic compounds
– Formed through chemical and biological
transformations
Suspended solid
–Small solid particles which remain in
suspension in water
–SS particles include: inorganic particles
(e.g. sand and clay), plant, microbial and
animal debris and sewage
Physical parameters
Absorbance: The amount of light absorbed

by water constituents at specified
wavelength
Turbidity: Reduction in clarity/cloudiness of

water
About turbidity
It’s a measurement of suspended solids
Directly proportional to the number of particles
Depends on shape, size, and color of the
particle
Directly proportional to absorbance (not
always)
Varies with wavelength
Bio-indicators also affect turbidity
About turbidity
Turbidity measures the apparent color, while true

color is caused by dissolve species
Highly affected by temperature (density, viscosity,
solubility, rate of bio-chemical activities)
Depends on seasonal variations
Serial filtration is a technique to determine
particle size distribution/suspended particles
Turbidity measurement
The absorbance of water is measured at 254 nm

Transmittance of transparent solution is 1
Transmittance of opaque material is 0
Physical parameters
Odor and Taste
 Dissolved organic matter (natural/synthetic)
 By-products of algae growth and decay
 Dissolved gases (e.g. H2S in ground water)
 Reduced iron and manganese in ground water
 Pollution (dumping, landfill disposal, industrial waste)
 Excess chlorine during disinfection
Gases (methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide)
Gases can interfere with sedimentation process, DO
and turbidity measurement
Natural Organic Matter (NOM)
NOM contain
C, H, O : major atoms N, S, P, Fe, minorities
Contain lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleic acids
Stable (not volatile)
Soluble and degrade water quality (Table 2.6)
Negatively charged
Measured in terms of Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
NOM= 2 times of TOC
Effects of NOMs on water quality
Read Table 2-6, 2-4

Chemical parameters
Dissolved Solids (DS)
–Inorganic Cations
–Inorganic Anions
–Synthetic Organic Compounds
Dissolved Gases
–Nitrogen
–Oxygen
–Carbon Dioxide
–Ammonia
–Hydrogen Sulfide
–Methane
Alkalinity: resistance to change in pH
Conductivity: Concentration of dissolve solids
Hardness: Concentration of multivalent ions (see detail in Lecture-3)

Chemical parameters
Chemical oxygen demand
The oxygen required to decompose organic matter (to remove
pollutants)
-Higher COD—high organic matter—low oxygen concentration
Biological oxygen demand (BoD)

The oxygen required to decompose organic matter (to remove
pollutants) by the microorganisms
Biological parameters
Total coliform
Pathogens, viruses,
Microorganism (number and types)
Home assignment !!!
Overview the WW quality

standards of industrial waste
in Pakistan
Summary
•Freshwater (3% of total water on Earth)

•Salty Water (97% of total water on Earth)
•Freshwater contain
–Suspended solids
–Dissolved solids
–Natural organic matter
–Dissolved gases
–Bacteria and Viruses
•Turbidity is the most important parameter in water quality

Wastewater Treatment: Lectuer-2: Water Resources and Quality Parameters

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wastewater Treatment: Lectuer-2: Water Resources and Quality Parameters

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wastewater Treatment: Lectuer-2: Water Resources and Quality Parameters

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wastewater Treatment

Lectuer-2: Water resources and quality parameters

Freshwater: 3% of total water on earth

The waste water originated from your house.?

How much freshwater is consumed.?

Where are the disposal/remediation techniques

The water which is a threat to:

-The water which is just waste (of no-use)

-To conserve water

Wastewater is also an opportunity !!!

Chemical: Dissolve solids, Dissolve

Biological: Micro-organisms present in

Absorbance: The amount of light absorbed

Turbidity: Reduction in clarity/cloudiness of

Turbidity measures the apparent color, while true

The absorbance of water is measured at 254 nm

Read Table 2-6, 2-4

Conductivity: Concentration of dissolve solids

Hardness: Concentration of multivalent ions (see detail in Lecture-3)

-Higher COD—high organic matter—low oxygen concentration

Biological oxygen demand (BoD)

Overview the WW quality

•Freshwater (3% of total water on Earth)

•Turbidity is the most important parameter in water quality

You might also like