LINEAR EQUATIONS

MATH10
ALGEBRA

Week 1 Day 1 Linear Equations (Algebra and Trigonometry, Young 2nd Edition, page 90-99)
 Week 1 Day 1
GENERAL OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Classify equations as linear, fractional, or rational,

• Solve linear equations,
• Solve equations leading to the form ax+b=0, and
• Solve application problems involving linear equations by
developing mathematical models for real-life problems.
 Week 1 Day 1
TODAY’S OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Identify an equation,
• Classify equations as identity, conditional or equivalent,
• Distinguish a consistent from an inconsistent equation,
• Enumerate the properties of equality.
 Week 1 Day 1
DEFINITION

EQUATION
An equation is a statement that two mathematical expressions are
equivalent or equal.
Example: x  7  11 7  3x  2  3x x3 x
 1
x2  9 x2 x2
4 x  7  x  2  3x  5

The values of the unknown that makes the equation true are called
solutions or roots of the equation, and the process of finding the
solution is called solving the equation.
 Week 1 Day 1

KINDS OF EQUATIONS

• An identity equation is an equation that is true for any number

substituted to the variable.

Example:
a. 3 x  4  4  3 x
b. x( x  3)  x 2  3 x
c. (x  1) 2  x 2  2 x  1
 Week 1 Day 1

• A conditional equation is an equation that is true only for certain

values of the unknown.

Example:
a. 2 x  3  x  2
b. 4 x  12  0
c. 3(x  2)  x  1
 Week 1 Day 1

• Two equations with exactly the same solutions are called

equivalent equations.

Example:
The following are equivalent equations.

a. 5 x  20
b. 5 x  2  22
c. x  4
 Week 1 Day 1

• An inconsistent equation is an equation that has no solution.

• A consistent equation is an equation that has a solution.

 Week 1 Day 1

EXAMPLE
Determine whether the given equation is an identity or a
conditional equation.

1. x 2  9  x  3 x  3
2. 2x  3  4 x 2  6 x  9
2

x x x
3.  
2 3 5
x 3 x3
4.  
x 1 1 x x 1
x x 8x
5.  
3 5 15
 Week 1 Day 1
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY

For all real numbers a , b and c

1. Addition Property of Equality

If a = b then a + c = b + c
2. Subtraction Property of Equality
If a = b then a – c = b – c
3. Multiplication Property of Equality
If a = b then a ∙ c = b ∙ c
4. Division Property of Equality
If a =b then
a b
 where c  0
c c
 Week 1 Day 2
TODAY’S OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Define linear equations in one variable,

• Determine the difference between linear and nonlinear
equations,
• Enumerate the steps in solving linear equations,
• Solve linear equations and equations involving fractions,
• Solve rational equations which are reducible to linear
equations,
• Define extraneous solution.
 Week 1 Day 2
RECALL

• An equation is a statement that two mathematical expressions

are equivalent or equal.

• An identity equation is an equation that is true for any number

substituted to the variable.

• A conditional equation is an equation that is true only for certain

values of the unknown.

• Two equations with exactly the same solutions are called

equivalent equations.

• An inconsistent equation is an equation that has no solution.

• A consistent equation is an equation that has a solution.
 Week 1 Day 2

DEFINITION
LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

A linear equation in one variable is an equation that can

be written in the form

ax + b = 0
where a and b are real numbers and a  0

Example:
2x – 1 = 0, -5x = 10 + x, 3x + 8 = 2
 Week 1 Day 2

Linear Equations Nonlinear Equations

Nonlinear; contains
4x  5  3 x  2x  8
2
the square of the
variable
Nonlinear; contains
1
2x  x  7 x  6x  0 the square root of
2 the variable
x 3 Nonlinear; contains
x6   2x  1 the reciprocal of the
3 x variable
 Week 1 Day 2

SOLVING A LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE

Steps

1. Simplify the algebraic expressions on both sides of the equation.

2. Gather all the variable terms on one side of the equation and
all constant terms on the other side.

3. Isolate the variable.

4. Check the solution by substituting the value of the

unknown into the original equation.
 Week 1 Day 2
EXAMPLE
Solve for the indicated variable: 2(x-1)+3=x-3(x+1)
STEP DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
1 Simplify the algebraic expression 2(x-1)+3 = x-3(x+1)
on both sides 2x-2+3 = x-3x-3
2x+1 = -2x-3
2 Gather all the variables on one 2x+2x = -3-1
side of the equation and all 4x = -4
constant terms on the other side.
3 Isolate the variable 4
x 
4
x  -1

Problem #23 on page 97

 Week 1 Day 2

Solve the following equations.

25 - 2  5y - 3 y  2   32 y  5   5 y  1  3 y  3
# 32
pp.97

46 - 7 - 8y  96y - 2   7 4 y  7   26 2 y  3  4  6 y 
# 36
pp.97
 Week 1 Day 2

Linear Equations Involving Fractions.

# 39 x 2x
 4
pp.97 7 63

# 48 x - 5 x  2 6x 1
1-  
pp.97 3 5 15
 Week 1 Day 2
SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS THAT ARE REDUCIBLE
TO LINEAR EQUATIONS

A rational equation is an equation that contains one or more

rational expressions.
Steps

1. Determine any excluded values(denominator equals 0).

2. Multiply the equation by the LCD.
3. Solve the resulting linear equation.

4. Eliminate any extraneous solution.

Extraneous solution are solutions that satisfy a transformed

equation but do not satisfy the original equation.
 EXAMPLE Week 1 Day 2

Solve the following equations.

Classroom ex.1.1.4 2 12
1. 2 
pp.93 a 7a

Classroom ex.1.1.5 2 5 8
2.  
pp.94 a - 4 a a( a  4 )

Classroom ex.1.1.6 1 1 1
3.   2
pp.95 4x - 12 2 x  6 x  3 x

Classroom ex.1.1.7 2 1
4. 
pp.95 2x - 5 x3

 Algebra & Trigonometry 

5. exercise 1.1 page 78  
 by Stewart, Redlin and Watson 2nd Edition 
u
4
u 1
u
2
 Week 1 Day 3

TODAY’S OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Solve equations using radicals

• Solve absolute value equations
• Solve literal equations
 Week 1 Day 3
RECALL

• Steps in solving linear equations

• A rational equation is an equation that contains one or more
rational expressions.
• Steps in solving rational equations.
• Extraneous solution are solutions that satisfy a transformed
equation but do not satisfy the original equation.
 Week 1 Day 3

SOLVING EQUATIONS USING RADICALS

The equation x n  a has a solution

x  n a if n is odd
x   n a if n is even and a  0
if n is even and a  0, the equation has no real solution

Examples :
x 5  32 has only one real solution : x  5 32  2
x 4  16 has two real solutions : x   4 16  2
x 5  32 has only one real solution : x  5  32  2
x 4  16 has no real solution because 4
 16 does not exist
 Week 1 Day 3

Solve each equations:

1. 2 x  3  12 3. 5  2x  6  12

2. 3x  1  5
 Week 1 Day 3

ABSOLUTE VALUE EQUATIONS

DEFINITION The absolute value of a number a is given by

 a if a  0
a 
 a if a  0

and that it represents the dis tan ce of a to the origin . More generally ,
x  a is the dis tan ce between x and a on the real number line .
 Week 1 Day 3
EXAMPLE

Solve each equations: (examples on page 131)

1. 2 x  5  3
2.3 x  7  5  14

 Algebra & Trigonometry 

Exercise from page 131  
 by Stewart, Redlin and Watson 2nd Edition 

Solve each equations:

13. 3 x  5  6  15

17. x - 1  3x  2

 Algebra & Trigonometry 

Exercise from page 133 
 by Stewart, Redlin and Watson 2nd Edition 
 Week 1 Day 3
SOLVING FOR ONE VARIABLE IN TERMS OF THE OTHER

Many formulas in the sciences involve several variables,

and it is often necessary to express one of the variables in
terms of the others.

solve for the variable M in the equation

mM
F G 2
r

solve for the variable w in the equation

A  2lw  2wh  2lh

 Algebra & Trigonometry 

Example from page 71 - 72  
 by Stewart, Redlin and Watson 2nd Edition 
 Week 1 Day 3
SUMMARY
• LINEAR EQUATIONS ARE SOLVED BY :
1. Simplifying the algebraic expressions on both sides of the equation.
2. Gathering all the variable terms on one side of the equation and
all constant terms on the other side.
3. Isolating the variable.
4. Checking the solution by substituting the value of the
unknown into the original equation.
• RATIONAL EQUATIONS ARE SOLVED BY :
1. Determining any excluded values(denominator equals 0).
2. Multiplying the equation by the LCD.
3. Solving the resulting linear equation.
4. Eliminating any extraneous solution.
 Week 1 Day 3

CLASSWORK
#s 32, 34, 42, 60 page 97

HOMEWORK

#s 31,33,35,43,46,51,55,57,61, 65 page 97-98

 APPLICATION INVOLVING LINEAR
EQUATIONS

Week 2 Day 1 Application Involving Linear Equations (Algebra and Trigonometry, Young 2nd
Edition, page 100-113).
 Week 2 Day 1
TODAY’S OBJECTIVE

• Develop mathematical models for real-life problems,

• Solve application problems involving common formulas,
• Solve number problems,
• Solve digit problems,
• Solve geometric problems, and
• Solve money and coin problems.
 Week 2 Day 1

STEPS IN SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS

1. Read and analyze the problem carefully and make sure you
understand it.
2. Make a diagram or sketch, if possible.
3. Determine the unknown quantity. Choose a letter to
represent it.
4. Set up an equation. Assign a variable to represent what you
are asked to find.
5. Solve the equation for the unknown quantity.
6. Check the solution.
 Week 2 Day 1
Start

Read and analyze A

the problem

Make a diagram or Solve the equation

sketch if possible

Determine the
unknown quantity.
Check the solution

Set up an equation,
assign variables to
represent what you
are asked to find. no Is the unknown
solved?

no Did you set up

yes yes
the equation?
A
End
 Week 2 Day 1
NUMBER PROBLEMS

1. Find three consecutive odd integers so that the sum of the

three integers is 5 less than 4 times the first.
(Example 2 page 102)
2. Find two consecutive even integer s so that 18 times the
smallest number is 2 more than 17 times the larger number.
(Classroom Ex. 1.2.2 page 102)
 Week 2 Day 1
GEOMETRY PROBLEMS

1. A rectangle 3 inches wide has the same area as a square with

9 inch sides. What are the dimensions of the rectangle?
(Your Turn problem page 103)
2. Consider two circles, a smaller one and a larger one. If the
larger has a radius that is 3 feet larger than that of the smaller
circle and the ratio of the circumferences is 2:1, what are the
radii of the two circles. (#21 page 110)
 Week 2 Day 1
DIGIT PROBLEMS

1. In an integer between 10 and 100, the unit’s digit is 3 greater

than the ten’s digit. Find the integer, if it is 4 times as large as
the sum of its digits.
(from Internet Guide to Engineering Mathematics)
2. A certain two digit number is equal to 9 times the sum of its
digits. If 63 were subtracted from the number the digits would
be reversed. Find the number.
(from Internet Guide to Engineering Mathematics)
3. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 11. If we
interchange the digits then the new number formed is 45 less
than the original. Find the original number.
(onlinemathlearning .com)
 Week 2 Day 1
MONEY AND COIN PROBLEMS

1. A change purse contains an equal number of pennies, nickels

and dimes. The total value of the coins is $1.44. How many of
each type does the purse contain?
(# 25 page 89 Algebra and Trig. By Stewart, Redlin and Watson, 2nd edition)
2. Mary has $3.00 in nickels, dimes and quarters. If she has twice
as many dimes as quarters and five more nickels than dimes,
how many coins of each type doe she have?
(# 26 page 89 Algebra and Trig. By Stewart, Redlin and Watson, 2nd edition)
 Week 2 Day 2
TODAY’S OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Solve investment problems,

• Solve age problems, and
• Solve mixture problems.
 Week 2 Day 2
INVESTMENT PROBLEMS
1. An ambitious 14-year old has saved $1,800 from chores and
odd jobs around the neighborhood. If he puts this money into a
CD that pays a simple interest rate of 4% a year, how much
money will he have in his CD at the end of 18 months?
(Classroom Ex. 1.2.4 page 104)
2. Theresa earns a full athletic scholarship for college, and her
parents have given her the $20,000 they had saved to pay for
her college tuition. She decides to invest that money with an
overall goal of earning 11% interest. She wants to put some the
money in a low-risk investment that has been earning 8% a year
and the rest of the money in a medium-risk investment that
typically earns 12% a year. How much money should she put in
each investment to reach her goal?
(Example #5 page 105)
 Week 2 Day 2
AGE PROBLEMS

1. A father is four times as old as his daughter. In 6 years, he will

be three times as old as she is now. How old is the daughter
now?
(# 22 page 89 Algebra and Trig. By Stewart, Redlin and Watson, 2nd edition)
2. A movie star, unwilling to give his age, posed the following
riddle to a gossip columnist. “Seven years ago, I was eleven
times as old ad my daughter. Now I am four times as old as
she is.” How old is the star?
(# 23 page 89 Algebra and Trig. By Stewart, Redlin and Watson, 2nd edition)
 Week 2 Day 2
MIXTURE PROBLEMS

1. A mechanic is working on the coolant system of a vehicle with

a capacity of 11.0 liters. Currently the system is filled with
coolant that is 45% ethylene glycol. How much fluid must be
drained and replaced with 100% ethylene glycol so that the
system will be filled with coolant that is 60% ethylene glycol?
(Classroom Ex. 1.2.6 page 106)
2. For a certain experiment, a student requires 100 ml of a
solution that is 8% HCl(hydrochloric acid). The storeroom has
only solutions that are 5% and 15% HCl. How many milliliters
of each available solution should be mixed to get a 100 ml of
8% HCl?
(# 33 page 111)
 Week 2 Day 2
MIXTURE PROBLEMS

3. A cylinder contains 50 liters of a 60% chemical solution.

How much of this solution should be drained off and
replaced with a 40% solution to obtain a final strength of
46%?
(#30 page 37 Applied College Algebra and Trig. By Linda Davis 3rd edition)
 Week 2 Day 3
TODAY’S OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Solve uniform motion problems,

• Solve work problems, and
• Solve clock problems.
 Week 2 Day 3
UNIFORM MOTION PROBLEMS

1. You and your roommate decided to take a road trip to the

beach one weekend. You drove all the way to the beach at an
average speed of 60 mph. Your roommate drove all ath e way
back (on the same route, but with no traffic) at an average
rate of 75mph. If the total trip drive took a total of 9 hours,
how many miles was the trip to the beach?
(Classroom Ex. 1.2.7 page 108)
2. A Cessna 150 averages 150 mph in still air. With a tailwind it is
able to make a trip in 2 1/3 hours. Because of the headwind, it
is only able to make a return trip in 3 ½ hours. What is the
average wind speed?
(Your turn problem page 108)
 Week 2 Day 3
UNIFORM MOTION PROBLEMS

3. A motorboat can maintain a constant speed of 16 mph relative

to the water. The boat makes a trip upstream to a marina in 20
minutes. The return trip takes 15 minutes. What is the speed
of the current? (# 41 page 111)
4. On a trip Jerry drove a steady speed for 3 hours. An accident
slowed his speed by 30 mph for the last part of the trip. If the
190-mile trip took 4 hours, what was his speed during the first
part of the trip?
(#37 page 37 Applied College Algebra and Trig. By Linda Davis 3rd edition)
 Week 2 Day 3
WORK PROBLEMS

1. Connie can clean her house in 2 hours. If Alvaro helps her,

they can clean the house in 1 hour and 15 minutes together.
How long would it take Alvaro to clean the house by himself?
(Example #8 page 109)
2. Next-door neighbors Bob and Jim use hoses from both houses
to fill Bob’s swimming pool. They know it takes 18 hours using
both hoses. They also knew that Bob’s hose, used alone, takes
20% less time that Jim’s hose alone. How much time is
required to fill the pool by each hose alone?
(#48 page 91 Algebra and Trig. By Stewart, Redlin and Watson, 2nd edition)
 Week 2 Day 3
WORK PROBLEMS

3. It takes 7 people 12 hours to complete a job. If they worked at

the same rate, how many people would it take to complete
the job in 16 hours.
(#22 page 37 Applied College Algebra and Trig. By Linda Davis 3rd edition)
 Week 2 Day 3
CLOCK PROBLEMS

1. What time after 8 o’ clock will the hands of the continuously

driven clock be opposite each other?
2. What time after 5:00 am will the hands of the continuously
driven clock extend in opposite direction?
3. What time after 3:00 pm will the hands of the continuously
driven clock are together for the first time?
4. What time after 4 o’ clock will the hands of the continuously
driven clock from a right angle?
 Week 2 Day 3
SUMMARY

In real world many kinds of application problems can be solved

through modeling with linear equations. The following
procedure will help you develop the model. Some problems
require development of a mathematical model, while others rely
on common formulas.
1. Read and analyze the problem carefully and make sure you
understand it.
2. Make a diagram or sketch, if possible.
3. Determine the unknown quantity. Choose a letter to represent
it.
4. Set up an equation. Assign a variable to represent what you are
asked to find.
5. Solve the equation for the unknown quantity.
6. Check the solution.
 Week 2 Day 3

CLASSWORK

Classroom example 1.2.6 page 106 and 1.2.7 page 108

HOMEWORK

#s 15,19,31,34,38,42,44,47,50,73 page 110-113