2010

The Status of Carb

on
Management

The Elephant in the Room

Presentation to:
Wisconsin Public Utility Institute Conference
Utility Basics

October 26, 2010

1
Topics
Carbon 101
Why is CCS important?
Overall Costs

Capture Technology

Sequestration

Policy Summary

OCT 2010 2
2009 National Fuel Mix
Coal generated 44.6  percent
Natural gas supplied 23.3 percent 
Nuclear energy produced 20.2 percent
Hydropower provided 6.8 percent 
Fuel oil provided 1.0 percent
Other renewable resources, 3.6 percent
  geothermal, solar, and wind

OCT 2010 3
Generation
The following amount of electricity, in GWhs,
was generated from the nation's fuel mix:
 Coal: 1,994,385 GWh
 Nuclear: 806,182 GWh
 Gas: 876,948 GWh
 Hydro: 241,847 GWh
 Fuel Oil: 45,354 GWh
 Other renewables (geothermal, non-wood waste,
wind, and solar): 123,603 GWh
 Other: 21,940 GWh

OCT 2010 4
Coal Combustion

OCT 2010 5
Age of Coal Plants

OCT 2010 6
Coal vs. Natural Gas
Tons of CO2/MWHr
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Old Sub Super Ultra- IGCC CC
Super

OCT 2010 7
Electricity Projection

OCT 2010 8
 Carbon Capture & Sequestration
3500 Plant Improvements and CCS
are critical in reducing GHG
3000 emissions.
CO2 Emissions (million metric tons)

2500

{
U.S. Electric Sector

2000
Technology
Efficiency
1500
Renewables
1000
Nuclear Generation
Advanced Coal Generation
500 Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Plug in Electric Vehicles
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

OCT 2010 9
MISO Wind versus Load

1/1 12/31
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

OCT 2010 10
Energy Portfolio- CCS Impact

Wind
Hydro

Biomass
Nuclear
Wind

Hydro

Gas Nuclear

Coal with CCS Gas

Coal Coal

OCT 2010 11
Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Flue
$0 to $50+ per ton
Gas

Separation
$9 to $15 per ton

Compression $4.60 per ton

per 150 miles

Transport $-40 to $20+ per ton

(pipeline)

Injection

Source: INGAA Geological

Formation

OCT 2010 12
Transportation
Proven and commercial technology
How much clean up for the gas?
 Key issue: Water-Corrosion
 Other constituents:
 Hydrogen sulfide
 Where is the pipeline going?
 Network system or
 Known depository
 Co-disposal Opportunities
 Leave the sulfur in the gas
 Leave any residual oxygen
 Nitrogen, etc.

OCT 2010 13
Conceptual CO2 Pipeline Network

Source: INGAA Foundation: February 2009

OCT 2010 a Pipeline Infrastructure for CO2 Capture and Storage: Issues and
“Developing 14
Challenges”
CO2 Capture Options CO2
Capture
Post Combustion Separation

Capture
 78% Nitrogen
To Pipeline
 21% Oxygen
M

CO2
Cleanup
Oxygen Firing
 2% Nitrogen
 98% Oxygen Oxygen
Separation To Pipeline

Pre-combustion Capture
 Integrated Gasification
Combined Cycle
OCT 2010 15
 Post Combustion Capture

Reagent

Stack
Gas
With CO2

to
Pre
CO2 CO2 Heat and
Flue Gas Separation
Capture Separation Pressure
Cleanup

Reagent CO2
Cleanup

To
Compression

OCT 2010 16
 Pulverized Coal With CO2 Capture
CO2 to use or
Fresh water
NOx Particulate SO2 sequester

Coal PC CO2
SCR ESP FGD Removal
Flue Gas
Air Boiler
e.g., MEA to Stack

Steam Fly Ash Gypsum/Waste

Turbine CO2 to Cleanup
and Compression
Cleaned Flue Gas
to Atmosphere

CO2 Capture Needs CO2

Stripper

Clean Flue Gas

Absorber
 Tower

 Energy for Stripper Flue Gas

from Plant
 Space CO2
Stripper
Reboiler

OCT 2010 17
DOE-NETL Technology Development

OCT 2010 18
From the Lab to Commercial

OCT 2010 19
DOE-NETL Storage Resource

OCT 2010 20
Potential CO2 Storage Formations

OCT 2010 21
Geological Options
Oil and gas fields
•Depleted
•Enhanced oil
recovery (EOR)
•Enhanced
natural gas
recovery
Coal Seams (un-mineable)
•Enhanced coal
bed methane
Saline formations
Shale
Others
Illustration showing several options for storage of CO2 in
deep geological formations (IPCC, 2006).

OCT 2010 22
DOE NETL Road Map

OCT 2010 23
Capture and Storage Time Line
Potential CO2
capture retrofits?

CO2 Storage
Demonstrations

All new coal plants

capture 90% of CO2

Commercial
availability of CO2
storage.

CO2 Capture
Demonstrations
OCT 2010 24
Technical and Institutional Issues
Technical Institutional
Geologic Integrity Pore space ownership
Potable water Protection Verification
Leakage  Permanence
Monitoring systems
 CO2 credits
 Effective and Long Term Liability
 Low cost Long Term Stewardship
Storage Optimization Public Acceptance

Will the public accept CO2 injection under their land.

Who owns the pore space?

OCT 2010 25
Conclusion
CO2 Capture
 Technically- Can be Done
 Demonstration of the Technologies takes Time and
Money.
CO2 Storage
 Technically-Can be Done
 Public Acceptance is critical
 Long Term Risk needs to be Addressed
It will cost more
 Cost to perform the research
 Increase the cost of electricity
Will the rest of the world, do the same.

OCT 2010 26
Questions

OCT 2010 27
CO2 Characteristics-Supercritical
Gas
 Nonflammable
 Colorless, Denser than air (sinks)
Liquid
 Immiscible in Water, less dense than water
(floats)
 Water containing CO2 is heavier than pure
water
Miscible and/or Immiscible in Oil
 Temperature and pressure dependent

OCT 2010 28
Capture Technologies
Amines
 Proven technology- natural gas and syngas
purification
 New application, increased scale,
 Known economic penalty (30% derate on existing units)
 Aqueous amine solution reacts with CO2
 Raised temperature releases CO2, solution recovered
 Options:
 Enhanced Amines
 Proprietary Formulas
 Integration of Technologies
Chilled Ammonia
Others

OCT 2010 29
Retrofit Potential of Coal Plants

OCT 2010 30
Carbon Capture Economics- EPRI
Retrofit
CO2 capture retrofit costs for a hypothetical 600 MW
PC plant, including:
 Capture and compression,
 transportation, sequestration, and monitoring,
 for 3.6 million tons per year of CO2
Capital cost for capture and compression equipment =
$540 million or $66 million per year.
CO2 transportation, measurement, and monitoring for
20 years at $10/metric ton -$33 million per year
Levelized cost-of-electricity for CO2 capture $20/MWh.
CCS retrofit reduces net plant output to 425
Purchase replacement power for the 175 MW of lost
output.

OCT 2010 31
 Coal Portfolio Roll Over
Annual Capacity Addition, GW

20

18 Advanced
New
16
Retrofit
14 EOR
12
10

6
4

0
2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035 2038 2041 2044 2047 2050

OCT 2010 32
Pioneer Plants- Early Adopters
Second Generation

Early Adopters (EOR)

Early Adopters (Greenfield)

Early Adopters (Retrofit)

Project Definition
Pioneer Plants (Greenfield) Project Development

Regulatory Approval
Pioneer Plants (Retrofit) Final Design & Construction

Startup & Shakedown

Storage Demos/ New Projects
Operation

Monitoring
Storage Demos/RCSP

2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 2047

OCT 2010 33