PRESENTATION OF:

THE SKIN
STRUCTURE
BY: DIMPLE. J. TRIVEDI

COURSE: ADVANCE DIPLOMA IN COSMETALOGY

 What is skin ?
 Skin is the largest protective organ of our body.

 16% body weight with a surface area of 1.8 m2

 It is made of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.

 It is part of our INTEMEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.

 The scientific name of skin is DERMA.

 It is composed of KERATIN PROTEIN.

 The appandages of skin are HAIR & NAILS.

 A healthy skin should be soft, supple, flexible & have a healthy glow.

 The pH of Normal skin is 4.5 – 5.5

 The skin regulates the temperature of our body.

 Skin is made up of 3 layers

 EPIDERMIS
 DERMIS
 HYPODERMIS/SUBCUTANEOUS
1.STRATUM GERMINATIVE 1. PAPILLARY LAYER

2. RETICULAR LAYER
5 TYPES OF CELL
a. BLOOD VESSLES
A. MELANOCYTE
b. LYMPH VESSELS
B. KERATINOCYTE
C. LAGERHAN c. HAIR & HAIR FOLLICLES
D. MERKEL
d. SMOOTH FIBRES (Arrector
E. STEM
Pili Muscles)
EPIDERMIS DERMIS HYPODERMIS
2. STRATUM SPINOSUM e. GLANDS
3. STRATUM GRANULOSM 1. SEBACEOUS GLANDS
4. STRATUM LUCIDIUM 2. SUDORIFEROUS
(SWEAT) GLANDS
5. STARTUM CORNEUM
KERATINAIZATION 1. ECCRINE
DESQUAMATION 2.APOCRINE
MELANIZATION f. NERVES OF THE SKIN

g. COLLAGEN & ELASTIN

EPIDERMIS
 EPIDERMIS
 Outermost Layer Of Skin Of The Skin.

 It Is Part Of The INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.

 Made Up Of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.

 It Is AVASCULAR, As There Is No Blood Supply.

 Nerve Endings Are Found.

 Outer Layer Of Dead Skin Cells Called CUTICLE

 Epidermis Receives Nourishment From DERMIS.

 FUTHER DIVIDED INTO 5 PARTS:

 1. STRATUM CORNEUM- HORNY LAYER

 2. STRATUM LUCDIUM- TRANSPARENT LAYER
 3. STRATUM GRANULOSUM- GRANULAR
 4. STRATUM SPINOSUM- PRICKLE LAYER
 5. STARTUM GERMINATIVUM- BASAL LAYER
1. STRATUM GERMINATIVUM
 Also known as BASAL layer.

 Made up of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.

 It’s is the innermost and the most important layer of the epidermis.

 It is a single layer cell.

 The cell’s over here are in CUBOIDAL shape.

 The cells that originate in this layer continuously divide & multiply by the
cell division MITOSIS, and cells pass upwards towards the skin surface, all
which undergo the process of keratinization and finally ending up in
superficial layer of the skin, which is constantly being shed. This is called
DESQUAMATION.

 This layer also contains important cells:

 CELLS FUNCTION

 Gives melanin pigment.

 MELANOCYTE  Melanin gives colour to our skin.
 More melanin cells DARKER the skin tone, Less melanin cells
LIGHTER the skin tone.
 Cancer chances are more in light skin (CAUCASIAN) .

 KERATIONOCYTE  Provides keratin protein.

 LERGHAN  Gives immunity ( Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages),

 MERKEL  Gives sensation.

 STEM  Produces new cells.

Gives melanin pigment.

Melanin gives colour to

our skin.

More melanin cells

DARKER the skin tone,
Less melanin cells
LIGHTER the skin
tone.
Cancer chances are
more in light skin
(CAUCASIAN) .
2. STRATUM SPINOSUM
 It is the 4th layer of epidermis.
 Here it has several layers.
 The structure of cells here is like SPIKY SPINE which are interlocked
to give support to the upper layer.
3. STRATUM GRANULOSM
 It is the 3rd layer of epidermis.

 The cells over here are like distinct GRANUELS.

 Here keratinization start, means cells are filled with keratin protein.

 These cells are continously replace by the cells of stratum corneum.

 Production of keratin takes place in this layer.

 This process start with the death of epithelial cells.

 During Desquamation keratinocyte are pushed towards the surface.

 When these cells reaches the epidermis outer layer, they are little more than
keratin filed sacs.

 Millions of these dead cells are worn off daily, creating new cells in epidermis
every 35 - 45 days.
4. STARTUM LUCIDIUM
 This is the 2nd layer of epidermis.

 It is a clear & translucent layer

 It is found on palms and soles.

 The cytoplasm contains keratin named as ELEIDIN, which is gel like

substance.

 This forms waterproofing barrier to the skin.

5. STARTUM CORNEUM
 It is the outermost layer of the epidermis.

 Contains of 23- 24 layers.

 It is composed of dead scale(fish scales) like cells, which are flattened and
fused together.

 It is also known as horny layer, composed of keratin protein.

 It is a thick layer.

 The thick layer prevents water loss and prevents the entry of bacteria.

 This layer is continuously shed, but it is replaced by new cells from

stratum basal. This movement take 28 days, known as the epidermal transit
time.
 KERATINAIZATION
 It is the process by which keratin replaces the normal living cytoplasm of the cell, drying
the cell in this process.

 Keratin is a secretion of epidermal cells, but the end result of transformation of epithelial
cells into scales.

 Keratin is TOUGH protein.

 Depending on the concentration of SULPHUR, keratin may be soft or hard.

 Soft keratin- less sulphur, hard keratin- more sulphur.

 Soft keratin covers whole body.

 Hard keratin occurs in NAILS & HAIR.

 HARD KERATIN DOESN NOT DESQUAMATE.

 DESQUAMATION
 It is a Natural process, used by the body to provide a mechanism for
shedding old cells as new cells develop.

 This word is derived from LATIN root use to refer to removing scales
from fish.

 This process takes 28 days.

 In this process underlying cells are replaced by the outermost layer cells.
 MELANIZATION
 In epidermis there are melanocytes which produce melanin pigment.

 They are situated beneath and within stratum germinativum ( basal layer) of the epidermis.

 Exposure to UV light stimulates TYROSINASE ENZYME, and thus melanin is produced in the
melanocyte.

 As it moves toward the surface the melanin granules becomes finer and are difficult to indentify as
separate entities.

 Melanin is the primary pigment of skin, contributing to the colour of skin, hair and eyes.

 Skin colour is influence by the amount of melanocytes present.

 Lighter skinned people – less melanocyte cells, dark skinned people- more melanocyte cells.

 Melanocytes produce vitamin D.

 Protects are skin from sun’s ultraviolet rays.

 Cancer chances are more prominent with people having less melanocyte cell.
 ASIAN

Asian – people skin with yellow undertone(INDIAN

TONE)
 CAUCASIA
N
(LESS MELANIN
PIGMENT)

Caucasian – people skin with red undertone(VERY FAIR)

 AFRO
(MORE MELANIN
PIGMENT)

People skin with blue undertone (DARK SKIN)

 DERMIS
 DERMIS is attached with epidermis with basement membrane.

 It is the 2nd layer of the skin.

 It is made up of CONNECTIVE TISSUES.

 It’s is called as TRUE SKIN.

 Dermis is divided in 2 parts:

 1. PAPILLARY LAYER.
 2. RETICULAR LAYER.
 PAPILLARY LAYER
 This layer lies directly beneath the epidermis and connects to it via
papillae( finger like projections).

 Some papillae contain CAPILLARIES that nourish the epidermis, other

contains MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES, SENSORY TOUCH
RECEPTORS.

 The papillary layer is composed of MATRIX in which collagen, elastin and

reticulm are arranged in extensive network.
 RETICULAR LAYER
 The reticular Dermis is the lower layer of the dermis found under
the papillary dermis.

 Composed of DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES made up of NET

like pattern of collagen & elastic fibres, this provides the skin with
strength and its ability to stretch, which secrete a substance that
becomes collagen.

 FIBROLASTS- are cells locate in the reticular layer of dermis, which

secrete a substance that becomes collagen.
STRUCTURE’S IN THE DERMIS

 BLOOD VESSELS OF THE DERMIS

 LYMPH VESSELS OF THE DERMIS

 HAIR & HAIR FOLLICLES

 THE SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBRES

 GLAND’S OF THE DERMIS

 BLOOD VESSELS

 Epidermis is AVASCULAR as there is no blood supply to it.

 Dermis is VASCULAR as there is blood supply to it.

 The BASAL LAYER of the epidermis receives its blood from supply
from the DERMIS, a fine network of capillary branches supplies all the
dermal structure.

 Blood vessels provides oxygen and nutrients to the skin.

 LYMPH VESSELS
 Which bathe the tissues of the skin with lymph, a milky substance thts
conatins the infection fighting cells of the immune system.

 These cells work to destroy any infection or invading organisms as the

lymph circulates to the lymph nodes.
 HAIR & HAIR FOLLICLES
 Hair are thin fibres composed of hard keratin, they are found all over the body
except the palms and soles, eyelids and some genital.

 They extend from hair follicle which are dermal structure.

 There are 3 types of hair follicles

 ROUND follicle- has STRAIGNHT HAIR

 OVAL follicle- has WAVY HAIR
 BEAN follicle- has CURLY HAIR.
 SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBRE
 In association with each hair follicle, there are small bundles of smooth muscle fibres
called ARRECTOR PILLI MUSCLE.

 When these muscles contract, they make hair strand erect.

 This also cause the skin around hair to become elevated giving appearance of
GOOSE BUMPS.

 These muscles responses to fear & cold.

GLAND’S OF THE DERMIS

 SEBACEOUS GLAND(OIL)

 SUDORIFEROUS ( SWEAT ) GLANDS

 ECCRINE GLAND
 APPOCRINE GLAND
 SEBACEOUS GLAND
 They are generally connected to hair follicles.

 The hair follicle and associated sebaceous gland together is called

PILOSEBACEOUS unit.

 Absent on palm and soles.

 These glands secrete SEBUM.

 Sebum contains cholesterols, free fatty acids, and lipid.

 FUNCTION : It keeps the skin soft and supple and forms the
part of acid mantle( protects against an overgrowth of bacteria
and fungi on the skin).
SUDORIFIROUS GLAND’S

A. ECCRINE GLANDS

 Found over the entire body, most profuse in the palms and the
soles.

 These glands can produce up to 2 litres of sweat an hour, they

secrete mostly WATER, which doesn’t encourage the growth of
odour-producing bacteria.
 FUNCTION : These glands regulate body temperature by bringing
water via he pores to the surface of the skin, where it evaporates
and reduces skin temperature.
B. APOCRINE GLANDS

 Found only in ARMPITS an PUBIC REGION.

 These glands secrete a MILKY sweat that encourages the growth of the
bacteria responsible for body odour.

 It is containing a greater proportion of CELLULAR waste and LIPID

substances.

 Bacteria acting on the apocrine sweat glands leads to the production of

body odour.

 The secretion is in response to stress, pain, fright, or sexual activity.

 NERVES OF THE SKIN
 The dermis layer also contains pain and touch receptors that transmit sensations of
pain, prickle, pressure, and information regarding temperature to the brain for
interpretation.

 If necessary, shivering is triggerd, generating body heat.

COLLAGEN & ELASTIN

 The dermis is held together by a protein called COLLAGEN, made by FIBROLASTS.

 FIBROLASTS are skin cells that give the skin its strength and resilience.

 COLLAGEN is a tough, insoluble protein found throughout the body in the connective
tissues that hold muscles and organs in place.

 Collagen supports the epidermis lending it its durability.

 FUNCTION OF ELASTIN: is similar protein, is the substance that allows the skin to
spring back into place when stretched and keeps the skin flexible.
 The hypodermis lies beneath the dermis.

 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE such as APIDOSE TISSUE (fat) insulates the

body, covering heat.

 It also contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and bases of hair follicles and sweat
glands.

 The fat distribution in this layer gives the FEMALE FORM ITS CHARACTERISTIC
CURVES.
THANK YOU