Ultrasonic Testing: NDT Training & Certification

NDT Training & Certification
Ultrasonic Testing
Part 4
mmz 2003
Ultrasonic Testing
 Sensitivity
 Defect sizing
 Scanning procedures
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Sensitivity
 The ability of an ultrasonic system to
find the smallest specified defect at the
maximum testing range
Depends upon
 Probe and flaw detector combination
 Material properties
 Probe frequency
 Signal to noise ratio
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Methods of Setting Sensitivity
 Smallest defect at maximum test range
 Back wall echo
 Disc equivalent
 Grass levels
 Notches
 Side Drilled Holes, DAC Curves
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Artificial / actual defect
Example: The defect echo is set

to FSH (Full Screen Height)
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Sizing Methods
6 dB Drop
 For sizing large planar reflectors only
 Signal / echo reduced to half the height
 Example:
100% to 50%
80% to 40%
70% to 35%
20% to 10%
Centre of probe marked representing the edge

of defect.
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6 dB Drop
Defect BWE
The back wall echo reduced as some part

of the beam now striking the defect
The echo of the defect has NOT yet

maximise as the whole beam Not yet
Plan View striking the defect
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6 dB Drop
Defect
Now the whole beam is on the defect
Back wall echo is now may be

reduced or disappeared
Plan View
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6 dB Drop
Defect BWE
The probe is moved back until the echo

is reduced by half of it’s original height
At this point the probe centre beam is

directly on the edge of the defect
Plan View The probe is then removed and the

centre is marked, and repeat to size the
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whole defect
Sizing Method
 Maximum Amplitude Technique
For sizing multifaceted defect – eg. crack
Not very accurate
Small probe movement
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Maximum Amplitude
Multifaceted defect : crack

The whole probe beam is on the on the
defect
At this point, multipoint of the defect

reflect the sound to the probe
The echo (signal) show as a few peaks

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Maximum Amplitude
Multifaceted defect : crack

If the probe is moved into the defect,
The probe is moved out of the the signals height increase
defect, the signal disappeared One of the peak maximised
If the edge of the beam strike At this point the MAIN BEAM is
the edge of the defect, a very directly at the edge of the
small echo appears defect
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Maximum Amplitude
Remember: The peak which maximised does
not have to be the tallest or the first one
Length
The probe is to be moved to the other Mark the point under

end of the defect the centre of the probe
which indicates the
The signals will flactuate as the beam hits
edge of the defect
the different faces of the defects
The probe is moved back into the defect The length of the defect is
and to observe a peak of the signal measured
maximises
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Equalization Technique
The equalization technique can ONLY be used
Defect BWE
if the defect is halfway the thickness
At this point the whole beam is on The BWE is at it maximum

the back wall
At this point the whole beam is The Defect echo is at it

on the defect maximum
At the edge of the defect, half of The defect echo is at equal
the beam is on the defect, and height as the back wall
another half is on the back wall
The
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2003 is marked as the edge of defect
20 dB Drop
Defect BWE
20 dB Beam profile
10%
When the main beam is on the defect the defect signal is at it maximum
If the probe is moved and the signal is observed until it is reduced to

10% (20dB Drop), the edge of the beam is on the edge of the defect
Repeat the above at the other side of the defect
Using the pre-constructed Beam profile and a plotting card, the

defect maybe sized mmz 2003
Scanning procedure
 Parent material
 Root inspection
 Side wall inspection
 Weld body
 Transverse scan
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Scanning Procedure
 Parent Material
0 degree both sides
 To maximum range for angle probes

 Full skip distance for 60 or 70 probes
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Scanning Procedure
 Weld Root
Half skip from both sides
For PCN exams :

 70 degree probe at half skip from both sides
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Scanning Procedure
Weld Fusion Faces
 Half to full skip from both sides
A probe which strikes fusion faces at 90 degrees
Probe angle = 90 - (1/2 Root angle)

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Scanning Procedure
 Weld Body
Half skip to full skip from both sides
Full Skip 1/2 Skip
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Scanning Procedure
 Transverse
70 degree
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Nozzle Welds
 Scanning procedure
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Tee butt welds
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Defect Identification
 Echodynamics
 Defect characterisation
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Echodynamics
Crack
Lack of fusion,Gas pore
Porosity
Slag inclusion mmz 2003

Defect characterisation
 Signal amplitude  Probe manipulation
 Lateral  Depth
 Orbital  Swivel
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H0 Sine I Vel in Material 1
dB  20Log..10 
H1 Sine R Vel in Material 2
2
V
 Z1  Z 2 
  100  % reflected 
 Z1  Z 2  f
K KV
Sine  or
2 D Df
2 2
D D f
Near Zone  
4 mmz 2003
4V
mmz 2003
mmz 2003

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What are some of the methods discussed for setting sensitivity in ultrasonic testing?

What are some of the methods discussed for setting sensitivity in ultrasonic testing?

What techniques are described for sizing defects?

What techniques are described for sizing defects?

NDT Training & Certification

Example: The defect echo is set

Centre of probe marked representing the edge

The back wall echo reduced as some part

The echo of the defect has NOT yet

Now the whole beam is on the defect

Back wall echo is now may be

The probe is moved back until the echo

At this point the probe centre beam is

Plan View The probe is then removed and the

Multifaceted defect : crack

At this point, multipoint of the defect

The echo (signal) show as a few peaks

Multifaceted defect : crack

The probe is to be moved to the other Mark the point under

At this point the whole beam is on The BWE is at it maximum

At this point the whole beam is The Defect echo is at it

If the probe is moved and the signal is observed until it is reduced to

Using the pre-constructed Beam profile and a plotting card, the

 To maximum range for angle probes

For PCN exams :

A probe which strikes fusion faces at 90 degrees

Probe angle = 90 - (1/2 Root angle)

Full Skip 1/2 Skip

Slag inclusion mmz 2003

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