BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF TEXTILE

AND FASHION TECHNOLOGY

Theory of Yarn Spinning

Seminar on: hollow spindle spinning
Name : Fekade Dejene

Submitted to:Ayano Koyrita [Assistant Professor]

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 Table of content
Introduction

Basic principle of hollow spindle spinning

Structure of yarns made by hollow

spindle machines

Application of hollow spindle spun yarns

Advantages and limitations of hollow

spindle spinning

conclusion
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 Introduction
 Hollow spindle spinning is a technology developed as
a one-stage process for
production of fancy yarns
Production of wrap yarns
 Hollow spindle spinning is a method for the
production of both plain and fancy yarns

 The hollow spindle spinning method was invented

in Bulgaria during the early 1970s by Georgy Mitov,
who worked at the Bulgarian Institute of Textiles

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 Cont..
An important stage in development of the hollow spindle
spinning was
the appearance of the Cover spun method, introduced in
1979 by the US company Leesona Corporation.
His concept was the use of a soluble filament
(polyvinyl alcohol) for wrapping the bundle of parallel
fibers.
so that after weaving, the filaments were dissolved to
produce the so-called ‘HiLoft’ terry fabrics.
The result was the production of 100% cotton terry
fabrics with higher softness and
sorption abilities, constructed by almost parallel fibers.

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 Cont..
hollow spindle machines today is the German company
Suessen
Currently the upper limit of delivery speed of hollow
spindle spinning is 150–200 m/min, wrap yarns or fancy
yarns.
 The weight of the hollow spindle together with the pirn is
up to 410 g,
 while the rotating speed of the spindle is 35,000 rev min–1.
 The linear density of the filaments used for wrapping
varies from 13 to 167 dtex

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 Basic principle of hollow spindle spinning

 A sliver or roving is drafted by a

roller drafting system (1)
 the hollow spindle (2)
 a pin-type false-twister device (3)
 delivery rollers (4)
 bobbin(5)

Basic principle of hollow spindle

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 Cont…
 The production speed of the hollow spindle machines is
3–5 times higher than the production speed of ring
spinning frames.
 The essential reasons for this result are:
1) The absence of ballooning and the resulting
centrifugal forces,
2) The absence of a traveler and the resulting problems
of localized heating of the traveler
3) The fineness of the wrapper
4) The relatively small air resistance of the wrapper
during unwinding from the pirn
5) Decreases the energy consumption.
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 Cont…
 in the late 1980s hollow spindle spinning reached the peak
of its development,
 which was characterized by the following features
(Oxenham1984, Lord 1987, Wulfhorst 1987, Angelova
2003):
1. availability of two different types of hollow spindle unit:
 With a false-twister mounted at the axial outlet of the
hollow spindle:
 With a false-twister mounted at the axial inlet of the
hollow spindle

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2. strong dependence of the hollow spindle’s rotational
velocity on its weight (with the filament):
35,000 rev min–1 for a spindle weight of 230 g
30,000 rev min–1 for a spindle weight of 250 g
25,000 rev min–1 for a spindle weight of 270 g.
3. High delivery speed. The delivery speed of the hollow
spindle process reached 200 m/min.
4. A variety of drafting arrangements
5. Automatic stop of the hollow spindle at break
Today, hollow spindle spinning methods can be grouped as
follows:
A. In relation to the yarn spun:
Methods for production of wrap spun yarns
Methods for production of fancy yarns.

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 Cont….
B. In relation to the drafted product:
Methods for spinning directly from a sliver
Methods for spinning from a roving the production of
a fancy yarn with a hollow spindle requires three
different components:
core, effect and binder.
 The core thread forms the base of the structure onto
which
the effect thread produces the geometrical shape or
profile of the effect, which can be loops, knops,
snarls, etc.

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 Structure of yarns made by hollow spindle machines
1. Structure of fancy yarns
 The process of production of fancy yarns by using hollow
spindle is much faster and
 lower in costs compared to traditional ring twisting.
However, the resulting structure of the yarns is different.
This product may have:
 a classical structure, made by combining one core thread
and one effect thread; or
 a complex structure, made by a combination of two core
threads and one effect thread, or one core thread and two
effect threads.

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 The specific structure of hollow spindle fancy yarns has
the major disadvantage
 that if the binder breaks during knitting or weaving, the
yarn is totally destroyed,
as there is no cohesion between the core and the effect
components.
The properties of hollow spindle fancy yarns are
influenced by the material of the components and the
spinning parameters. Spinning parameters like
 the rotational velocity of the hollow spindle,
 the velocity of the supply of the effect component, and
 the delivery speed of the fancy yarn, influence the
structural effects.
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 2. Structure of wrap yarns
Wrap yarns are characterized by their specific structure:
• a core of parallel yarns, wrapped together by the wrap
thread.
• The wrap thread can be either filament or staple fiber
yarn, but more frequently filaments are used. Similar
characteristics as for ring-spun yarns can be used. Thus,
• twist = wraps, twist coefficient = wrap coefficient, critical
twist coefficient = critical wrap coefficient.
• The reason is that one rotation of the hollow spindle
imparts one wrap by the filament component around the
core fibers,
• which is similar to one turn of twist in the ring spinning
process.
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One of the main advantages of wrap spun yarns over ring
spun yarns is
 that finer yarns can be spun from coarse fibers.
 The specific bi-component structure of wrap yarns
requires fewer fibers in the yarn cross-section
 to obtain the necessary strength of the yarn.
Mechanical properties of wrap yarns
 There are three mechanisms of tensile failure that are
predicated by the presence of core and wrapper
components:

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 Σ Mechanism I: tensile failure due to breaking of the
wrapper
Σ Mechanism II: tensile failure due to slipping of core
fibers
Σ Mechanism III: tensile failure due to breaking of core
fibers.

Breaking mechanisms of wrap spun yarn: (a) breaking

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of the wrapper; (b) breaking of the wrap yarn.
 Cont.…..
 The strength of the wrapper therefore controls the strength of
the wrap yarn but only in the case of Mechanism I.in the
above figure a
 The other two breaking mechanisms do not depend on the
mechanical properties of the wrapper.
 For these situations the strength of the wrap-spun yarn will
strongly depend on the length of the core fibers,
 the friction forces between the core fibers and the
compression tension exercised by the wrapper on the core
fibres.
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 Comparison between wrap yarns and two-fold
ring yarns
• production of two-folded ring spun yarns,
particularly fine worsted yarns, is

‘costly extravagance’ from the point of view of

energy consumption, staff costs, space requirements
and initial capital investments

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 Cont.…
 The spinning of fine worsted yarns necessitates a higher
level of twist in order to reach the required yarn strength.
 However, the twist levels decrease the bulkiness of yarns
and increase irregularity.
 there has been no definitive yarn development that can
fully replace folded ring spun yarn production,
 but every technology that offers alternatives to these
yarns (like Sirospun, Solospun or wrap spinning) is the
subject of commercial interest and product development.
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the strength of wrap yarns can be controlled through the
wrapping pitch,
and their evenness is similar to or even better than the
evenness of ring spun yarns (due to the high velocity of the
drafting system).
The absence of twist in the core of wrap yarns leads to
lower elongation at break, compared to ring spun yarns.
Due to their higher bulkiness, wrap yarns may be preferred
to ring spun yarns in order to lower production costs
during weaving and knitting.
The lower values of twist liveliness of wrap yarns make
them potential substitutes for two-fold ring spun yarns in
some specific applications.
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 Application of hollow spindle spun yarns
The hollow spindle method is suitable for production of
wrap and fancy yarns
The broad applications of both wrap and fancy yarns
show the abilities of the method for meeting the needs of
the market.
Wrap-spun fancy yarns are used in knitted and woven
fabrics mainly for aesthetic purposes.
Nowadays fancy yarns are used by designers to create
new decorative effects and new fashion styles
One important advantage of wrap yarn is evident from its
use as the pile yarn to produce cut-pile fabrics.

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• hollow spinning, among the modern spinning methods,
• can produce the finest yarn count owing to the minimum
number of fibers in the yarn cross-section.

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 Advantages and limitations of hollow spindle spinning

The hollow spindle spinning method shows great

flexibility,
processing all types of natural and man-made
fibers.
fancy yarns has led to new designs and styles in
simple fabric structures.
Therefore it is no longer necessary for designers of
woven and knitted fabrics to create complex fabric
structures

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disadvantage of hollow spindle fancy yarns

 The lack of twist in combining the base (or core) and

effect threads

 The yarn breaking more easily than in the conventional

twisted structure

 the economic disadvantages of energy and filament costs

when spinning finer wrap yarns

 are reasons why wrap yarns are produced with largely

coarse counts
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Compared to other modern spinning technologies
such as rotor, air-jet and friction spinning,
hollow spindle spinning has the disadvantage of
lower production speed.
 This is because higher rotational velocities of the
hollow spindle are still not possible.
Examples of the main areas for increased
efficiency of hollow spindle machines are:

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 Cont.….

Increase in the amount of filament (or wrapping

yarn) on the pirn of the hollow spindle

Reduce pirn replacement time

Use of drafting systems with high drafting ratio to

enable sliver feed rather than roving feed

Increase of the yarn package weight (up to 6 kg),

to reduce the frequency of doffing.
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 Summary
• Hollow spindle spinning has reached a position in its
development that can hardly be followed by further
revolutionary changes.
• The main challenges of the method are related to its
efficiency, as in the case of the ring spinning method.
• However, potential improvements to ring spinning are
much more feasible than for hollow spindle spinning.
• The main reason is that further increases in ring spindle
speeds would have a major impact owing to the
worldwide acceptance of this technology compared with
the hollow spindle process.

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