MARINE MACHINERY & SYSTEM 2

ASSIGNMENT 2 (PRESENTATION)
HUNTING GEAR & BOILER WATER TREATMENT

GROUP MEMBERS:
1) MUHAMMAD AISAMUDDIN BIN MOHD ZULKIFLI (56214216047)
2) ARVINTH A/L TANGGABELLO (56214216139)
3) MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN AZHAR (56214216125)
4) NOOR SHYAMIL BIN AB RAOP (56214216008)
 HUNTING GEAR
WHAT???

 Feedback mechanism in ship steering gear

 Transmits the position of the rudder to the pump control
lever, through the floating lever.
 OPERATION
• Moves displacing a control rod
• Acts on the pump displacement control gear to alter
the delivery from the pump
• Pump causes the ram to move rotating the rudder
stock
• Rudder stock moves the hunting gear returning the
operating rod for the pump to the neutral position
once the rudder has reached the correct angle
• One end of the floating lever is connected to the
hunting lever and the other end is connected to the
telemotor receiver
• The pump control lever is connected to the
middle of the floating lever. When the pump
control lever is in B position, the pump will not
discharge.
BOILER WATER
TREATMENT
The treatment and conditioning of boiler feed
water must satisfy three main OBJECTIVES:

 Continuous heat exchange

 Corrosion protection
 Production of high quality steam
The PURPOSE of boiler water treatment:

1. To prevent scale formation of boiler water testing.

2. To prevent corrosion in the boiler feed system by maintaining the boiler
water alkaline condition.
3. To remove dissolved gases such as oxygen from water.
4. To control sludge formation, thus preventing carry over into the system.
5. To determine the amount of impurities and thereby determining the
amount of treatment required.
6. To maintain and provide residual reserve of chemical.
7. To improve efficiency, thus increasing boiler life.
8. For economical operation of boiler.
9. To exercise careful control over boiler treatment chemicals.
METHOD of boiler water treatment:

• External treatment is the reduction or removal of impurities from

water outside the boiler. In general, external treatment is used when
the amount of one or more of the feed water impurities is too high
to be tolerated by the boiler system in question. There are many
types of external treatment (softening, evaporation, deaeration,
membrane contractors etc.) which can be used to tailor make feed-
water for a particular system.
• Internal treatment is the conditioning of impurities within the boiler
system. The reactions occur either in the feed lines or in the boiler
proper.
• Internal treatment may be used alone or in conjunction with
external treatment. Its purpose is to properly react with feed water
hardness, condition sludge, scavenge oxygen and prevent boiler
water foaming.
• The water treatment facilities purify and deaerate make-up water or
feed water. Water is sometimes pretreated by evaporation to
produce relatively pure vapor, which is then condensed and used for
boiler feed purposes.
• Evaporators are of several different types, the simplest being a tank
of water through which steam coils are passed to heat the water to
the boiling point.
• Sometimes to increase the efficiency the vapor from the first tank is
passed through coils in a second tank of water to produce additional
heating and evaporation.
• Evaporators are suitable where steam as a source of heat is readily
available.
• They have particular advantages over demineralization, for example,
when the dissolved solids in the raw water are very high.
• Certain natural and synthetic materials have the ability to remove
mineral ions from water in exchange for others. For example, in passing
water through a simple cation exchange softener all of calcium and
magnesium ions are removed and replaced with sodium ions.
• Since simple cation exchange does not reduce the total solids of the
water supply, it is sometimes used in conjunction with precipitation
type softening.
• One of the most common and efficient combination treatments is the
hot lime-zeolite process. This involves pretreatment of the water with
lime to reduce hardness, alkalinity and in some cases silica, and
subsequent treatment with a cation exchange softener.
• This system of treatment accomplishes several functions: softening,
alkalinity and silica reduction, some oxygen reduction, and removal of
suspended matter and turbidity.
• Chemical treatment of water inside the boiler is usually essential and
complements external treatment by taking care of any impurities
entering the boiler with the feed water (hardness, oxygen, silica, etc.).
• In many cases external treatment of the water supply is not necessary
and the water can be treated only by internal methods.
 INTERNAL TREATMENT

Internal treatment can constitute the unique

treatment when boilers operate at low or moderate
pressure, when large amounts of condensed steam
are used for feed water, or when good quality raw
water is available.
The PURPOSE of an internal treatment is to:

• React with any feed-water hardness and prevent it from

precipitating on the boiler metal as scale;
• Condition any suspended matter such as hardness sludge or iron
oxide in the boiler and make it non-adherent to the boiler metal;
• Provide anti-foam protection to allow a reasonable concentration of
dissolved and suspended solids in the boiler water without foam
carry-over;
• Eliminate oxygen from the water and provide enough alkalinity to
prevent boiler corrosion.
• In addition, as supplementary measures an internal treatment
should prevent corrosion and scaling of the feed-water system and
protect against corrosion in the steam condensate systems.
• During the conditioning process, which is an essential complement
to the water treatment program, specific doses of conditioning
products are added to the water. The commonly used products
include:

1. Phosphates-dispersants, polyphosphates-dispersants (softening chemicals):

reacting with the alkalinity of boiler water, these products neutralize the
hardness of water by forming tricalcium phosphate, and insoluble
compound that can be disposed and blow down on a continuous basis or
periodically through the bottom of the boiler.
2. Natural and synthetic dispersants (Anti-scaling agents): increase the
dispersive properties of the conditioning products. They can be:
• Natural polymers: lignosulphonates, tannins
• Synthetic polymers: polyacrilates, maleic acrylate copolymer, maleic styrene copolymer,
polystyrene sulphonates etc.

3. Sequestering agents: such as inorganic phosphates, which act as inhibitors

and implement a threshold effect.
4. Oxygen scavengers: sodium sulphite, tannis, hydrazine,
hydroquinone/progallol-based derivatives, hydroxylamine derivatives,
hydroxylamine derivatives, ascorbic acid derivatives, etc. These scavengers,
catalyzed or not, reduce the oxides and dissolved oxygen. Most also
passivate metal surfaces. The choice of product and the dose required will
depend on whether a deaerating heater is used.
5. Anti-foaming or anti-priming agents: mixture of surface-active agents that
modify the surface tension of a liquid, remove foam and prevent the carry
over of fine water particles in the steam.
• The softening chemicals used include soda ash, caustic and various
types of sodium phosphates. These chemicals react with calcium and
magnesium compounds in the feed water.
• Sodium silicate is used to react selectively with magnesium
hardness. Calcium bicarbonate entering with the feed water is
broken down at boiler temperatures or reacts with caustic soda to
form calcium carbonate.
• Since calcium carbonate is relatively insoluble it tends to come out of
solution.
• Sodium carbonate partially breaks down at high temperature to
sodium hydroxide (caustic) and carbon dioxide.
• High temperatures in the boiler water reduce the solubility of
calcium sulphate and tend to make it precipitate out directly on the
boiler metal as scale.
• Consequently calcium sulphate must be reacted upon chemically to
cause a precipitate to form in the water where it can be conditioned
and removed by blow-down.
• Calcium sulphate is reacted on either by sodium carbonate, sodium
phosphate or sodium silicate to form insoluble calcium carbonate,
phosphate or silicate.
• Magnesium sulphate is reacted upon by caustic soda to form a
precipitate of magnesium hydroxide.
• Some magnesium may react with silica to form magnesium silicate.
Sodium sulphate is highly soluble and remains in solution unless the
water is evaporated almost to dryness.
• There are two general approaches to conditioning sludge inside a
boiler: by coagulation or dispersion.
• When the total amount of sludge is high (as the result of high feed-
water hardness) it is better to coagulate the sludge to form large
flocculent particles. This can be removed by blow-down.
• The coagulation can be obtained by careful adjustment of the
amounts of alkalis, phosphates and organics used for treatment,
based on the fee-water analysis.
• When the amount of sludge is not high (low feed water hardness) it
is preferable to use a higher percentage of phosphates in the
treatment.
• Phosphates form separated sludge particles. A higher percentage of
organic sludge dispersants is used in the treatment to keep the
sludge particles dispersed throughout the boiler water.
• The materials used for conditioning sludge include various organic
materials of the tannin, lignin or alginate classes.
• It is important that these organics are selected and processed, so
that they are both effective and stand stable at the boiler operating
pressure.
• Certain synthetic organic materials are used as anti-foam agents. The
chemicals used to scavenge oxygen include sodium sulphite and
hydrazine.
• Various combinations of polyphosphates and organics are used for
preventing scale and corrosion in feed-water systems. Volatile neutralizing
amines and filming inhibitors are used for preventing condensate corrosion.
• Common internal chemical feeding methods include the use of chemical
solution tanks and proportioning pumps or special ball briquette chemical
feeders.
• In general, softening chemicals (phosphates, soda ash, caustic, etc.) are
added directly to the fee-water at a point near the entrance to the boiler
drum. They may also be fed through a separate line discharging in the feed-
water drum of the boiler.
• The chemicals should discharge in the fee-water section of the boiler so
that reactions occur in the water before it enters the steam generating
area.
• Softening chemicals may be added continuously or intermittently
depending on feed-water hardiness and other factors.
• Chemicals added to react with dissolved oxygen (sulphate, hydrazine, etc.)
and chemicals used to prevent scale and corrosion in the feed-water system
(polyphosphates, organics, etc.) should be fed in the feed-water system as
continuously as possible.
• Chemicals used to prevent condensate system corrosion may be fed directly
to the steam or into the feed-water system, depending on the specific
chemical used. Continuous feeding is preferred but intermittent application
will suffice in some cases.
THANK YOU