Chapter 6 Endogenic Process

ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES
LEARNING
COMPETENC
IES
• Describe where the Earth's internal heat
comes from.
• Cite evidences to support continental drift.
• Give the distinguishing features of the

different plate boundaries.
• Explain how the sea floor spreads.
• Describe the evolution of ocean basins
• Describe how the rocks behave under

different types of stress.
LEARNING
COMPETENC
IES
• Describe how magma is formed

(magnetism).
• Devise ways to facilitate own learning.
• Display scientific values and attitudes.

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
- internal processes that occur beneath the Earth which results
to the reshaping of the Earth's landforms
TECTONIC PROCESSES
THEORIES AND PLATE
BOUNDARIES
CONTINENTAL
DRIFT THEORY
• Alfred Wegener suggested

that the continents were all
originally part of a huge
landmass called Pangaea and
was surrounded by a single
ocean called Panthalessa
• A few hundred million years ago,

Pangaea was supposed to break
apart and the continents slowly
drifted at an average of 2 inches
per year, to their present
locations.
CONTINENTAL
DRIFT THEORY
CONTINUED...
• One of the major objections to the
continental drift theory is its inability to
provide a mechanism that explains the
movement of the continents across the
globe.
• Studies on the ocean and earthquakes

have provided new insights in the behavior
of the lithosphere which have led to the
development of the Plate Tectonic
Theory.
• The theory proposes that the lithosphere
consists of seven large and numerous
smaller segments called plates that rest
upon the soft layer of asthenosphere.
• The driving force for plate movement is the

convection flow in which warm bouyant
rocks rise and cooler materials sink.
EVIDENCES
THAT SUPPORT THE PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
• Paleomagnetism or Fossil Magnetism
• Distribution of earthquakes
PLATE BOUNDARIES
- fractures separating one plate from another
Convergent Boundary
- occurs when two plates move toward each other. The denser plate
dives beneath the more buoyant plate. They are also called subduction
zones.
• Oceanic - continental
convergence
• Oceanic - oceanic convergence
• Continental - continental
convergence
Divergent Boundary
- occurs when two plates move away. When the plates move apart,
there is upwelling of magma from the mantle below. As the magma
cools, new crust is created.
• on oceanic plates, it's called

seafloor spreading
• on continental plates, it forms a rift-

valley
Transform fault Boundary
- occurs when plates slide horizontally past one another.
ocean basin Characteristics
Ocean basins are not featureless.
• The continental shelf is a relatively shallow, gently sloping part of the

continental crust that borders the continent.
• The continental slope leads to deep water. It represents the true edge of the
continent .
• The continental rise is a more gradual incline. It links the ocean floor to the
continental slope
• The ocean floor is formed at the base of the continental rise. It consists of
relatively thin basaltic rock and accounts for nearly 30% of the Earth's surface
TECTONIC FORCES AND
PROCESSES
DEFORMATION
- refers to the change in the original shape and size of a rock caused
by tectonic forces
Folding
• occurs when rocks are pushed towards each other from opposite
sides
• produced by horizontal compressive stretches, such as continent -

continent collisions or collisions at any convergent plate boundary.
• may occur in groups
• may be large scale or small scale

anticline
syncline limb
Types of Folds
Monocline Recumbent Chevron
Isoclinal Dome
Faulting
- fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks strata along a fault plane. Faults are
fractures along the crust in which displacement has occurred.
• Dip - Slip Fault - vertical
• Strike - Slip FAult - horizontal and parallel

VOLCANI
SM
VOLCANI
S M
• is a phenomenon in which materials are erupted from the Earth's
interior onto the surface through volcanoes
• Intrusive Vulcanity - magma doesn't reach the surface
• Extrusive Vulcanity - Magmatic Bodies are expelled onto

the surface
VOLCANO
• is a vent or a series of vents on the crust
VOLCANISM AND
T E
About C
70% Tof O N
Earth's I C S
volcanic activity
subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean.
occurs along a circle of
MAGMA AND OTHER VOLCANIC
Magma Production
At the subduction zone occurs due
to the following conditions:
• Increased
temperature due to
friction
• Addition of water
to the
asthenosphere
• PRessure - Relief
Melting
When a volcano erupts, three states of
matter are ejected.
• Solids
• volcanic blocks, cinders or lapilli, volcanic ash, and volcanic dust
• Liquid (Lava)
• temperature ranging from 500 degrees celsius to over 1400 degrees
celsius
• consists of mixtures of oxides, generally silicon dioxide

• Granitic lava is more viscous. On the other hand, basaltic lava is less
viscous and flows easily.
• gases
• Water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide, and Hydrochloric Acid
Additional Information
• Ash clouds may cause rains that bring about mudflow called
lahar which behaves like wet concrete. they move downhill
and bury everything in their path.
• Nuee Ardente, a french term for "growing Clouds"
• mixture of hot gases and fine ash which is denser than air
• Ash-Flow Tuff
• ash compacted into rock

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ENDOGENIC

• Cite evidences to support continental drift.

• Give the distinguishing features of the

• Explain how the sea floor spreads.

• Describe the evolution of ocean basins

• Describe how the rocks behave under

• Describe how magma is formed

• Devise ways to facilitate own learning.

• Display scientific values and attitudes.

• Alfred Wegener suggested

• A few hundred million years ago,

• Studies on the ocean and earthquakes

• The driving force for plate movement is the

• Paleomagnetism or Fossil Magnetism

• Oceanic - oceanic convergence

• on oceanic plates, it's called

• on continental plates, it forms a rift-

• The continental shelf is a relatively shallow, gently sloping part of the

• produced by horizontal compressive stretches, such as continent -

• may occur in groups

• may be large scale or small scale

Monocline Recumbent Chevron

• Dip - Slip Fault - vertical

• Strike - Slip FAult - horizontal and parallel

• Intrusive Vulcanity - magma doesn't reach the surface

• Extrusive Vulcanity - Magmatic Bodies are expelled onto

• consists of mixtures of oxides, generally silicon dioxide

• Nuee Ardente, a french term for "growing Clouds"

• ash compacted into rock

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