Chemistry: Organic Compounds

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IS THE STUDY OF CARBON-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS. THE TERM “ORGANIC” HAS LONG BEEN ASSOCIATED
WITH SUBSTANCES THAT ORIGINATE OR ARE FOUND IN PLANTS AND
ANIMALS. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE SO NUMEROUS BECAUSE
CARBON ATOMS CAN FORM LONG CHAINS AND RINGS OF
COMPOUNDS THAT ARE VERY STABLE. CONSIDERING THE WIDE
RANGE OF PRODUCTS REFERRED TO AS ORGANIC, IT IS NECESSARY
TO CLASSIFY THEM INTO GROUPS.
Learning Objectives: At the end of the
lesson, the students will be able to…
 Describe the special nature of carbon,
 List general characteristics of organic compounds,
 Describe the bonding in ethane, ethane, and ethyne and
explain their geometry in terms of hybridization and
carbon-carbon bonds,
 Describe the different functional groups,
 Cite uses of representative examples of compounds
bearing atoms from the different functional groups,
 Describe structural isomerism, and
 Describe some simple reactions of organic compounds,
such as combustion of organic fuels, addition and
saponification of fats.
Organic
Compounds
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE CARBON-
CONTAINING SUBSTANCES. THEY FORM
COVALENT BONDS- THOSE THAT CONTAIN
ONLY SINGLE BONDS ARE SAID TO BE
SATURATED , THOSE WITH DOUBLE AND TRIPLE
BONDS ARE UNSATURATED.
Organic molecules contain a
nonspecific part designated R- (for
alkyl compounds) or Ar- (for
aromatic compounds), plus a
specific part called a FUNCTIONAL
GROUP.
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Without With
saturated unsaturated aromatic C=O C=O
Organic
alkanes alkenes alkynes halides
Aldehydes
Alcohols Ketones
Carboxylic
Phenols acid
Ethers Esters
Amines Amides
Hydrocarbons
HYDROCARBONS are the simplest organic compounds,
containing only carbon and hydrogen.
CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONS
Class General Bond Type -ending Examples Name of
Formula Compound
Alkane CnH2n+2 saturated- -ane CH3-CH3 Ethane
single bond
Alkene CnH2n unsaturated- -ene CH2=CH2 Ethene
double bond
Alkyne CnH2n-2 unsaturated- -yne HC=CH Ethyne
triple bond
Aromatic aromatic C 6 H6 Benzene
The Alkane Series
 It is described as SATURATED because all the

carbon atoms utilize single bonds.
 Compared to alkenes and alkynes, alkanes have
the most number of hydrogen atoms.
 Alkanes are generally inert and stable.
 One of the few reactions they undergo is
combustion in the presence of oxygen.
 The major sources of alkanes are crude oil or
petroleum, and natural gas.
The Alkene Series
 When the C-to-C bonds are double bonds, a new homologous
series, the ALKENE, is formed.
 The number of hydrogen atoms in an alkene is twice the
number of carbon atoms.
 Alkenes are described as UNSATURATED because they contain
less than the maximum amount of hydrogen that can be
bonded to the carbon framework.
 Generally, alkenes are more reactive than alkanes.
 Alkenes can be converted to alkanes by HYDROGENATION,
the process of reducing or saturating organic compounds in
the presence of a catalyst, which can be nickel, palladium,
or platinum.
The Alkyne Series
 Contain at least one triple bond.

 Theyare also unsaturated, and are more
reactive than alkanes.
 Thesimplest alkyne is acetylene, which is
widely used in acetylene torches for
welding purposes, and as a raw material for
the manufacture of synthetic rubber.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 Characterized by the presence of benzene ring .

 Benzene has six carbon atoms joined by
alternating single and double bonds.
 Benzene is used in the synthesis of nylon and
polysterene but its use has diminished in recent
years because of its carcinogenic (cancer-
inducing) properties.
 Aromatic hydrocarbons come mainly from coal.
HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
WITHOUT THE CARBONYL CARBON
ORGANIC HALIDES ARE OF THE TYPE FORMULA R-
X, where R is an alipathic or aromatic compound
and X is a halogen (Cl, Br, I). Organic halides are
used as solvents in households and industry. Carbon
tetrachloride was a common household solvent until
it was banned for its toxicity and carcinogenic
effects. Chloroform (CHCl3) was used as an
anesthetic. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used as
propellant and refrigerant gas, but they were
replaced because they are harmful to the ozone
layer.
Alcohols of the type formula ROH
(where R is an alipathic group)
Are common and common and have

many practical uses. Ethanol (C2H5OH)
and isopropyl alcohol are used as
disinfectants. Alcohols are the most
versatile of all organic compounds
because they can be converted to other
families of compounds.
Phenols of the type formula ArOH
i.e, an –OH bonded to a

benzene ring, are industrially
important in the manufacture of
dyes and plastics.
Ethers of the type formula ROR’
Are commercially important as

nonpolar solvents.
Amines of the type formula RNH2
Are present in many compounds with

biological activity: epinephrine, a
hormone; niacin, a vitamin, the
stimulants nicotine, amphetamine, and
cocaine; and in amino acids, proteins,
and nucleotides such as DNA.
HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
WITH CARBONYL CARBON.
These hydrocarbon derivatives are

incorporated with the carbonyl functional
group. The carbon atom of this group has two
remaining bonds that may be occupied by
hydrogen, alkyl or aryl substituents. If at
least one of these substituents is hydrogen,
the compound is an ALDEHYDE.
Aldehyde of the type formula RCHO
Where R is either an alkyl or an aromatic

group, e.g., acetaldehyde, CH3CHO.
O
C
R H
Ketones of the type formula RCOR’
Where the H of an aldehyde is replaced by

another R group, e.g, acetone or dimethyl
ketone.
C
R R’
Carboxylic acid of the type formula
RCOOH
Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is the acid in vinegar. Carboxylic

acids with long carbon chains are at room temperature. They
are called fatty acids and may either be saturated or
unsaturated.
C
R OH
Examples:
a. Lauric acid (12C, saturated)

CH3(CH2)10COOH
b.Palmitic acid (15C, saturated)
CH3(CH2)14COOH
c. Linoleic acid (18C, unsaturated)
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Esters of the type formula RCOOR’
Gives pears, bananas, oranges, and apples

a pleasant and fruity odor.
C
R OR’
Amides of the type formula RC-NH2
Are formed by the reaction of organic acids with

amines. The peptide bonds found in proteins are
special amide bonds.
O
R C NH2

Chemistry: Organic Compounds

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ORGANIC

 It is described as SATURATED because all the

 Contain at least one triple bond.

 Characterized by the presence of benzene ring .

Are common and common and have

i.e, an –OH bonded to a

Are commercially important as

Are present in many compounds with

These hydrocarbon derivatives are

Where R is either an alkyl or an aromatic

Where the H of an aldehyde is replaced by

Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is the acid in vinegar. Carboxylic

a. Lauric acid (12C, saturated)

Gives pears, bananas, oranges, and apples

Are formed by the reaction of organic acids with

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