Assistant Professor Mechanical Department, Vasad: Presented by

Presented By
Darshak choksi
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Department,
Vasad
INTRODUCTION
Classification of boilers
Fire tube boiler
Water tube boiler
Boiler accessories
Essential of a good boilers
Boiler capacity
Boiler efficiency
Selection of boiler
steam generator
a steam generator or boiler is usually a closed vessel made of steel. its
function is to transfer the heat produced by the combustion of fuel to
water and ultimately to generate steam.
open vessels, generating steam at atmospheric pressure are not considered
to be boiler.
The steam produced may be supplied to

• power generation
• heating
 space heating
hot water supply
• industrial processes
 sugar mills
chemical industries
Classification of Boilers
Relative position of hot gas and water
• Fire tube boiler
Hot gasses pass through the tubes that are
surrounded by water. Horizontal return
tubular, vertical tubular, Lancashire,
Cochran, Cornish, locomotive fire box, scotch
marine etc.
• Water tube boiler
The tubes contain water and the hot gases flow
outside Babcock and Wilcox, stirling boiler
Lamont boiler Wilcox, boiler, la-boiler, Benson
boiler and Loffler boiler.
Classification of Boilers…
Method of firing
• Internally fired boiler

Lancashire, Locomotive, and Scotch
• Externally fired boiler
Babcock and Wilcox
Pressure of steam
• High pressure (>80 kg/cm2)

Babcock and Wilcox Lamont etc
• Low pressure (<80 kg/cm2)
Cochran, Cornish, Lancashire and Locomotive
According to the axis of shaft
•Vertical tubular
• Horizontal tubular
Method of circulation of water
• Natural circulation
• Forced circulation
Nature of service to be performed
• Land boilers
• Portable boiler
• Mobile boilers
 Heat source
• Combustion of solid, liquid, or gas

• Electrical or nuclear energy
• Hot waste gases of other chemical
reactions
Fire Tube Boilers
A fire tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases / flue gases (products of
combustion) from a fire (heat source) pass through one or more tubes running
through a sealed container of water. The heat energy from the gases passes
through the sides of the tubes by thermal conduction, heating the water and
ultimately creating steam. A fire-tube boiler is sometimes called a "smoke-tube
boiler" or "shell boiler"
or sometimes just "fire pipe".
Types of Fire Tube Boiler

• Cochran boiler,
• Lancashire boiler,
• Scotch marine boiler,
• Locomotive boiler etc
Fire Tube Boiler
Cochran Boiler
• Vertical
• Multi tubular
• Internally fired
• Favorable in small
Plants
• Coal or oil burnt
Fire Tube Boiler
Locomotive Boiler
• Horizontal
• Multi-tubular
• Internally fired
• Fire tube
• Portable
Water Tube Boiler
A water tube boiler is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated
externally by the hot gases / flue gases. Water tube boilers are used for high-pressure
boilers. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas which heats
up water in the steam generating tubes.
Types of water tube boiler
• Babcock & Wilcox boiler,

• Sterling boiler etc.
Fig.: Schematic Diagram of a Water Tube Boiler

Water Tube Boiler
Babcock & Wilcox boiler
Comparison between Water Tube and Fire Tube Boilers
Fire Tube Boiler Water Tube Boiler
The hot gases from the furnace pass The water circulates inside the tubes
through the tubes which are surrounded which are surrounded by hot gases from
by water in the shell the furnace
It cannot handle high pressure It is a high pressure boiler
The rate of generation of steam is The rate of generation of steam is high
relatively low
Overall efficiency is up to 75% Overall efficiency is up to 90%
It is not preferable for fluctuating loads It is preferred for widely fluctuating
for a longer time period loads
The operating cost is less The operating cost is high
The bursting chances are less but The bursting chances are higher but
bursting produces greater risk to the bursting doesn’t produce any destruction
damage of the property to the whole boiler
It is generally used for supplying steam It is used for large power plants
on a small scale and is not suitable for
large power plants
Boiler Mountings
Mountings are required for proper and safe functioning of the

boiler which are generally mounted over the boiler shell.
Water Level Indicator

 Pressure gauge
 Safety valves
 Steam stop valve
 Blow off cock
Fusible plug
 Feed Check valve
Boiler Accessories
Accessories are used for efficient running of the boiler
• Super heater
• Economizer
• Air preheated
Super heater
Economizer
Air Preheater
Fig.: An Air Preheater

Essential of a good boilers
1. The boiler should be capable of generating steam at the required

pressure and of the required quality quickly and with minimum fuel
consumption.
2. The initial cost, installation cost and the maintenance cost of the boiler
should not be too high.
3. The boiler should be light in weight, should need the least amount of
brick work construction and should occupy small floor area.
4. The boiler should meet the fluctuating demands or steam supply
without being overheated
5. The different parts of the boiler should be easily approachable for
repairs.
6. There should be no deposition of mud and other foreign particles on the
heated surfaces
7. The boiler should conform to the safety regulations as laid down in the
"Boilers Act"
Boiler Capacity
• Evaporation or equivalent evaporation per hour may be taken
as a measure of boiler capacity. It is generally measured in
tons or kg per hour.
Boiler Efficiency
Efficiency of a boiler may be defined as the ratio of heat utilized for
the generation of steam to heat supplied due to the burning of fuel.
ms (h-ho )
η = Energy utilize
=
Boiler efficiency, Energy supplied mf*HV
ms be the mass of steam evaporated in a given time
mf be the mass of fuel burnt at the same time
HV be the heating value of fuel per unit mass
h be the enthalpy per unit mass of steam
h0 be the enthalpy of feed water

REFERENCES
1. Analysis of the Industrial Boiler Population, Topical Report GRI-96/0200, prepared by
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., for the Gas Research Institute, Chicago,
Illinois, June 1996.
2. .Rules for Construction of Power Boilers,. Section I, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1998.
3. Packaged Boiler Engineering Manual, 2nd ed., American Boiler Manufacturers
Association, Arlington, Virginia, 1998.
4.Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers,. Section IV, ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1998.
5. Alternative Control Techniques Document-NOx Emissions fromIndustriel/Commercial/
Institutional (ICI) Boilers, EPA-453/R-94-022, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
March 1994.
6. Guideline for Gas and Oil Emission Factors for Industrial, Commercial, and
Institutional (ICI) Boilers, American Boiler Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia,
1997.
7. Energy Efficiency Handbook, ed. R. A. Zeitz, Council of Industrial Boiler Owners,
Burke,
Virginia, November 1997.
Thank you....

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The steam produced may be supplied to

• Internally fired boiler

• High pressure (>80 kg/cm2)

Method of circulation of water

• Combustion of solid, liquid, or gas

Types of Fire Tube Boiler

Types of water tube boiler

• Babcock & Wilcox boiler,

Fig.: Schematic Diagram of a Water Tube Boiler

Mountings are required for proper and safe functioning of the

Water Level Indicator

Accessories are used for efficient running of the boiler

Fig.: An Air Preheater

1. The boiler should be capable of generating steam at the required

ms be the mass of steam evaporated in a given time

mf be the mass of fuel burnt at the same time

HV be the heating value of fuel per unit mass

h be the enthalpy per unit mass of steam

h0 be the enthalpy of feed water

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