Erosion, Sedimentation and The River Basin

EROSION , SEDIMENTATION
AND THE RIVER BASIN

JERICKSON R. PASCUA
Erosion is a natural process
which is usually made by rock
and soil being loosened from
the earth's surface at one
location and moved to another.
The process begins with a
process called weathering
- the process of eroding or
being eroded by wind , water,
gravity (lanslides) , and
human acivity
Waves in oceans and other large
bodies of water produce coastal
erosion. The power of oceanic
waves is huge, large storm waves
can produce 2000 pounds of
pressure per square foot. The pure
energy of waves along with the
chemical content of the water is
what erodes the rock of the
coastline.
The erosive power of moving ice is
actually a bit greater than the
power of water but since water is
much more common, it is
responsible for a greater amount of
erosion on the earth's surface.
Glaciers can perform to erosive
functions - they pluck and abrade
Erosion by wind is known as
aeolian (or eolian) erosion
(named after Aeolus, the Greek
god of winds) and occurs almost
always in deserts. Aeolian
erosion of sand in the desert is
partially responsible for the
formation of sand dunes.
The power of the wind erodes
rock and sand.
Water is the most important agent
in erosion. It erodes as running
water in streams. However, water
in all its forms is erosional, even
raindrops. Raindrops creates splash
erosion that moves tiny particles of
soil, while waters in rivers can
create a valley.
CHRISTIAN MARK M. AQUINO
may be viewed as starting with the detachment
of soil particles by the impact of raindrops. The kinetic energy
of the drops can splash soil particles into the air.
Figure 11-7 Downhill transport of soil particles by splash
The splash and overland-flow process are responsible for
sheet erosion,the relatively uniform degradation of the soil
surface
Gully erosion may occur if
turbulence in the flow is strong
enough to dislodge particles
from the bed and banks of the
channel
Mass movement of soil as either slow or downward creep of the
soil mass or a landslide is an important mechanism delivering
soil to the streams in steep canyons with unstable side slopes.
RAINFALL REGIME
VEGETAL COVER
SOIL TYPE
LAND SLOPE
A cohesive soil will resist splash erosion more readily than loose soils
Rates of erosion are greater on steep slopes than on flat slopes
Length of slope is also important
Land use is also an important factor in fixing the rate of erosion
Removal of vegetation by fire or lumberingmay also increasethe erosion

hazard
SEDIMENTATION
PREPARED BY:
ANTHONY MUÑOZ
SEDIMENTATION
is the process of allowing particles (sediments) in

suspension in water to settle out of the suspension under
the effect of gravity
SEDIMENTATION
BED MATERIAL LOAD
is the portion of the sediment that is transported by a

stream that contains material derived from the bed
4 WAYS OF BED MATERIAL TRANSPORT
• Solution- minerals are dissolve in water and carried along in solution. Typically
occurs in areas where the underlying bedrock is limestone
• Suspension – fine light materials is carried along the water
• Saltation- small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed
• Traction- large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed
Types of Sediments
• Trash load- the amount of sediment floating on the surfce
• Suspended sediments-it is the particular matter (organic
or inorganic) suspended in and carried by moving water. It
affects the turbidity(dirtiness and transparency )of water
• Dissolved load-it refers to all organic and inorganic
material carried in solution y moving water. It affects the
conducttvity of water
.
Types of Sediments
• Bed load or contact load-it refers to coarse materials,
minerals moved along the bottom of the streams.
The settling velocity of suspended particles in still water is
approximated by strokes law
Where;
Vs-settling velocity
Pg andP-density of
particles and liquid
M- absolute viscosity of
liquid
r- radius of
particles(0.0002-0.2mm)
g-accl. Due to gravity
SEDIMENT MEASUREMENTS
• The US DH-48 depth

-integrating hand sampler use for small stream,collect
flow- weighted samples to a maximum dept of
approximately 9ft at sea level
A good sampler must cause minimum disturbance of stream flow to

avoid errors from short period fluctuations in sediment concentration, and
gives result which can be related to velocity measurement
SEDIMENT MEASUREMENTS
• The US DH-48 depth
Sediment rating curve
• Sediment rating curve -is commonly used to estimate
sediment load on days.
Reservoir Sedimentation
The rate at which the capacity of a reservoir is reduced
by sedimentation depends on;
1. The quantity of sediment inflow
2. The percentage of sediment inflow
3. The density of the deposited sediment
Reservoir Sedimentation
Effects of Sedimentation
• The lifespan of reservoir ,dams, ponds, channels is
decreasing
• It affects the irrigation system
• Decreases the activities of hydro-electric reservoirs
• Channels bank erosion increases due to sedimentation
• During flash floods ,it can damage agricultural crops as
well as forest and properties
• Apayao-Abulog River Basin
• Cagayan River Basin
• Abra River Basin
• Agno River Basin
• Pampanga River Basin
• Marikina River Basin
• Pasig-Laguna de Bay
River Basin
• Bicol River Basin
• Panay River Basin
• Jalaur River Basin
• Iloilo-Batiano River Basin
• Ilog-Hilabangan
River Basin
• Central Cebu
River Basin
• Agusan River Basin
• Mindanao River Basi
• Ranao (Agus) River Basin
• Cagayan de Oro River Basin
• Buayan-Malungon River
Basin
• Davao River Basin
• Tagoloan River Basin
• Tagum-Libuganon River
Basin
Basin Name • 1. Ambuklao Dam
• Agno River Basin 2. Binga Dam
Area 3. NIA-Baligatan
4. San Roque Multi-Purpose Dam
• 6,219.87 (km²)
Regions
• CAR, I, II, III
Provinces
• Ifugao, Buenguet, Mountain Province,
Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales,
Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija
Municipalities
• 70
Barangays
• 1,206
Name of Rivers
• Tarlac, Pila, Camiling, O'dennell,
Amabayambang and Ambayuan
Rivers
River Classification (2009)
• Agno River (Upper and Lower Reach)
- Class A and C
Amabayambang River - Class C
Ambayuan River - Class C
Hydroelectric Power

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EROSION , SEDIMENTATION

AND THE RIVER BASIN

Rates of erosion are greater on steep slopes than on flat slopes

Length of slope is also important

Land use is also an important factor in fixing the rate of erosion

Removal of vegetation by fire or lumberingmay also increasethe erosion

is the process of allowing particles (sediments) in

is the portion of the sediment that is transported by a

• The US DH-48 depth

A good sampler must cause minimum disturbance of stream flow to

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