Engineering Statics: Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering & Technology

ENGINEERING
Quaid-e-Azam College
of Engineering &
Technology
STATICS Instructor: M Farhan Ejaz

BASIC QUANTITIES USED IN
MECHANICS
Length: Length is used to locate the position of a point in space and
thereby describe the size of a physical system. Length is the basic quantity used to
define distances and geometric properties. Length is basically a scalar quantity.
Time: Time is thought as a succession of events. Although the

principles of statics are mostly time independent. Time is also a scalar quantity.
Mass: Mass is a measure of a quantity of matter that is used to compare
the action of one body with that of another. Mass is also a measure of inertia of a
body. This is also a scalar quantity.
Force: Force is a quantity that changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion
of a body. Force is vector quantity and considered as a basic quantity of mechanics.
IDEALIZATIONS IN
MECHANICS
Particle: A particle has a mass but have negligible dimensions or size, remember the
word particle does not imply a small body, For example, a blue whale can be
considered as a particle as compared to a ocean. So when studying oceans all the
whales can be considered as particles, Similarly, a teeth of whale can be considered
as a particle when studying whale’s body
Rigid Body: A rigid body can be considered as a combination of a large number of
particles in which all the particles remain at a fixed distance from one another, both
before and after applying a load i.e. a rigid body does not experience any
deformations.
NEWTONS THREE LAW OF
MOTION
First law: the law states that “a particle originally at rest or moving in a straight line
with constant velocity tends to remain in this State provided the particle is not
subjected to an unbalanced force.
Second law: A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F
experiences an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force
and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force. Mathematically, it is
stated as F=ma (here m is mass of the body on which force is acting)
Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles arc equal opposite. and collinear.
LAW OF
TRANSMISSIBILI
TY OF FORCES
The principle of transmissibility states that
point of application of a force can be moved
anywhere along its line of action without
changing the external reaction forces on a
rigid body.
e.g. The force shown in the figure has same
effect whether it is applied at point A or Point
B, the effect is same because its line of action
is same.
Pull or Push is also an example of law of
transmissibility of forces.
NEWTON’S LAW
OF GRAVITATION
It states that a particle attracts every other particle
in the universe using a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.
Where r is distance between the centers of the

objects,
m1, m2 are masses of the objects
G is the gravitational constant and its value is

6.67x10-11
CLASSIFICATION OF FORCES
Force is defined by Newton’s second law of motion, there are basically two types of
forces which are described below
 Contact Force – Forces that act through point of contact
between two objects
 Applied Forces, Friction,
 Body Forces – Forces that can act over the whole body or over
large distances
 Gravity, Electromagnetic Force (EMF)
Forces can also be classified as
Distributed force: A distributed force is a force that
acts on a large part of a surface through some
distance, not just on one point. Its intensity can be
per unit length, per unit area or per unit volume.
Concentrated or Point force: This is also an  Distributed force over length .
idealization of mechanics, A force considered

concentrated if it act along a single line in space. A
distributed force can be converted to point force.
e.g. The weight of a body is the force of
gravitational attraction distributed over its volume
and may be taken as a concentrated force acting
through the center of gravity.  Point Force
In statics we often deal with concentrated forces.

Concurrent Forces:
Two or more forces are said to be
concurrent at a point if their lines of
action intersect at that point. The forces
F1 and F2 shown in have a common
point of application and are concurrent
at the point A
ADDITION OF FORCES
Law of Parallelogram:
This law states that “if the acted forces
made two sides of a parallelogram, then
the diagonal of this parallelogram will
be resultant of these forces.
By drawing construction lines parallel
to the force so that the forces and
construction lines make a
parallelogram, then the length of
diagonal of this parallelogram will be
magnitude of resultant.
10
MOMENT
In addition to the tendency to move a body in
the direction of its application, a force can
also tend to rotate a body about an axis. The
axis
may be any line which neither intersects nor is
parallel to the line of action of the force. This
rotational tendency is known as the moment
M of
the force. Moment is also referred to as
torque.
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENT
This law states that, “When an object is in
equilibrium the sum of the anticlockwise moments
about a turning point must be equal to the sum of
the clockwise moments.”
A seesaw is perfect example of principle of
moments, the seesaw shown in the figure is in
equilibrium because here anti clockwise moment is
equal to clockwise moment.
Clockwise moment about O = 500 x 2 = 1000 N-m
Anti Clockwise moment about O = 1000 x 1 =
1000 N-m
So clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment,
Seesaw is in equlibrium
EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
A particle is in equilibrium if the vector sum of
the external forces and moments acting on it is
zero. Hence a particle is in equilibrium if:
1. It is at rest and remains at rest − Static M1
Equilibrium M2
2. It moves with constant velocity − Dynamic F1
Equilibrium F2
3. Sum of clockwise and anticlockwise moments Figure
is equal to zero.
4. The body or particle shown in the
figure will be in equilibrium if F1 = F2
and M1 = M2
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
The free-body diagram is the most important single step in the solution of problems
in mechanics.
it is a diagrammatic representation of the isolated system treated as a single body.
The diagram shows all force applied to the system by mechanical contact with other
bodies, which are imagined to be removed. If appreciable body forces are present,
such as gravitational or magnetic attraction, then these forces must also be shown on
the free-body diagram of the isolated system. Only after such a diagram has been
carefully drawn should the equilibrium equations be written.
STEPS TO DRAW FREE BODY
DIAGRAM
Step 1. Decide which system to isolate. The system chosen should usually involve one or more of the
desired unknown quantities.
Step 2. Next isolate the chosen system by drawing a diagram which represents its complete external
boundary. This boundary defines the isolation of the system from all other attracting or contacting
bodies, which are considered removed
Step 3. Identify all forces which act on the isolated system as applied by the removed contacting
attracting bodies, and represent them in their proper positions on the diagram of the isolated system.
Make a systematic traverse of the entire boundary to identify all contact forces. Include body forces
such as weights, where appreciable. Represent all known forces by vector arrows, each with its proper
magnitude, direction, and sense indicated.
Step 4. Show the choice of coordinate axes directly on the diagram. Pertinent dimensions may also be
represented for convenience.
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
FREE BODY DIAGRAM

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ENGINEERING

STATICS Instructor: M Farhan Ejaz

Time: Time is thought as a succession of events. Although the

Where r is distance between the centers of the

G is the gravitational constant and its value is

idealization of mechanics, A force considered

In statics we often deal with concentrated forces.

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