Module IX Sampling

Module IX Sampling
B3C9
Sampling
The act, process, or technique of
selecting a suitable sample, or a
representative part of a population
for the purpose of determining
parameters or characteristics of the
whole population
Sampling Concepts
Population refers to any group of people or objects
that form the subject of study in a particular survey
and are similar in one or more ways.
2. Element
Individual unit of the population
Sampling unit:
 Individual units of the sample
3. Source list:
 also known as ‘Sampling frame’, is the list from
which the sample or potential respondents are
drawn.
 contains the names of all items of a universe (in case
of a finite population only) and has to be as
representative of the population as possible
 if not available must be prepared by the researcher
7
Sampling Frame
Examples of Sampling Frames:
• List of businesses registered with
the Chamber of Commerce
• List of shopkeepers in a mall
• The phone book
• List of clients served by a resource
center
EXHIBIT 16.3 Mailing List Directory Page
© 2010 Cengage 16–9

Learning. All rights
Census & Sample
.
Census Survey:
A census survey is said to be conducted, when
information is collected from each unit of the
population.
Sample Survey:
A sample survey is said to be conducted, when
information is collected from the sampling
units only.
12
Sampling Error and Non Sampling Error
1. Define the population / universe clearly
1. Elements, Sampling Units, Extent, Time
Population
Finite Infinite
No. of items is certain No. of items is uncertain

• population of a city,  listeners of a specific
• the number of workers radio programme,
in a factory, etc.  Birds in the sky.
15
2. Element
Individual unit of the population
Sampling unit:
 Individual units of the sample
3. Source list:
 also known as ‘Sampling frame’, is the list from
which the sample or potential respondents are
drawn.
 contains the names of all items of a universe (in case
of a finite population only) and has to be as
representative of the population as possible
 if not available must be prepared by the researcher
16
Size of the sample:
should neither be excessively large, nor too small.
efficient
representative
reliable
flexible
larger the population variance  bigger the sample size
sample size may also depend on budget of research
5. Parameters of interest: Sample design should allow

the sample to highlight the parameters of interest and
represent the characteristics of the population
17
Different types of sample
design
18
Different types of sample
design
Probability sampling
Any method of sampling that utilizes some
form of random selection of participants
based on some probability so that every
element of the population has an equal
chance of inclusion
19
Probability Sampling
Complex Random
Simple Random Sampling
Sampling Cluster, Systematic,
Stratified
Simple Random Sampling
This type of problem is also known as chance

sampling or probability sampling where each
and every item in the population has an equal
and known chance of inclusion in the sample.
21
Simple random sampling
Population Sample
A T Y W B T
B P G E G K
S C K L
G N Q
When population is uniform and Large (e.g.

school/college students, low-cost
houses)
• Simplest, fastest, cheapest
1. Simple Random Sampling with
replacement
2. Simple Random Sampling without
replacement
Random Number Tables
by
Yates, Tippet and Fischer
Random Number Tables
by
Yates, Tippet and Fischer
 A set of numbers arranged in rows and
columns.
 numbers are arranged in such a way that if

read them row-wise or column-wise, they are
random
i.e. each number has an equal probability of
appearance in a certain place.
25
Tippett, Yates, Fisher have prepared
tables of random numbers which can be
used for selecting a random sample
first thirty sets of
Tippett’s numbers
2952 6641 3992 9792 7979 5911
3170 5624 4167 9525 1545 1396
7203 5356 1300 2693 2370 7483
3408 2769 3563 6107 6913 7691
0560 5246 1112 9025 6008 8126
Suppose we are interested in taking a sample of 10 units from a
population of 5000 units, bearing
numbers from 3001 to 8000. We shall select 10 such figures from the
above random numbers which
are not less than 3001 and not greater than 8000.
Complex Random Sampling
1. Systematic Sampling
2. Stratified Random Sampling
3. Cluster Sampling
4. Multi Stage Sampling
Systematic sampling
1.Systematic Sampling
 Systematic random sampling is a method of
probability sampling in which the defined target
population is ordered and the sample is selected
according to position using a skip interval
 every kth unit from the population is selected.
 i.e. select every 15th name in the list, every 10th house
on a side of a street and so on.
 A random number is used to pick up the unit with
which to start.
 useful when the source list is available. Pilot Study is
also conducted at times.
29
• 1: Obtain a list of units that contains an
acceptable frame of the target population
• 2: Determine the number of units in the
list and the desired sample size
• 3: Compute the skip interval
• 4: Determine a random start point
• 5: Beginning at the start point, select the
units by choosing each unit that
corresponds to the skip interval
2.Stratified random sampling
Population Sample
1 4 8 12 3 7
3 6 13 2 10 16
10 20 15
7 14 11 16 Stratum 1 = odd no.
Stratum 2 = even no.
2.Stratified random sampling
Population Sample
1 4 8 12 3 7
3 6 13 2 10 16
10 20 15
7 14 11 16 Stratum 1 = odd no.
Stratum 2 = even no.
• Method of probability sampling in which the population

is divided into different subgroups or “meaningful
strata which are mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive” and take random sample from each
stratum
•
Stratified Random Sample:
• If you want to conduct interviews
with businesses in mumbai about
their CSR practices, you could
categorize your list of businesses
into small, medium and large. Within
each strata you could then randomly
select a small number.
Examples
1. To find the average monthly sales
data of cell phones in large, medium
and small stores
2. To find the expenditure of
households on entertainment
(stratification can be done on
household income)
Stratification Criteria
• Can be done on the basis of
demographic variables
• Customers on the basis of life stages
and income to study their buying
pattern
• Companies on the basis of size, profit
and industry
Stratified random sampling
“Proportionate”
E.g. we know that 60% of the
population is male & 40% of it is
female. Proportionate stratified
sampling with reference to this
‘population’ would involve drawing a
sample in a manner that this same
division among sexes is reflected,
i.e. 60:40, in the sample
“proportionate”
“Disproportionate”
Instead of the above method, if the bank takes a

sample of 45 from strata 1 and 40 and 15 from
strata’s 2 & 3, it is disproportionate method
Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3
Section 5
Section 4
3.Cluster Sampling
≈ Used when the population is very big by
dividing the area in to number of smaller non-
overlapping groups and then to randomly
select a number of smaller units called
CLUSTERS so that the elements within the
clusters are heterogeneous
≈ sample size must be large
≈
40
Cluster Sample:
• If you want to conduct interviews with
hotel managers in Mumbai about their
training needs, you could decide that each
hotel in the city represents one cluster,
and then randomly select a small number.
You could then contact the managers at
these properties for interviews.
• If the subjects to be interviewed are
selected randomly within the selected
clusters, it is call "two-stage cluster
sampling".
4.Multi-Stage Sampling
⌂ extension of cluster sampling

⌂ the clusters are selected randomly
⌂ from each cluster, sample units are
selected randomly
⌂ Eg: Study of Child labour in India
Study of Nationalised banks in India
42
Non-Probability Sampling
Does not involve random selection
the probability that each item in the population
has of being included in the sample is unequal
also known as deliberate sampling, purposive
sampling or judgment sampling
items are selected deliberately by the
researcher
sample may not be true representative of the
population
chances of occurrence of both types of errors
become bright
43
Non Probability Sampling
1.Convenience Sampling
• Use who is available
• The more elementary units are chosen
from a population for observation based on
convenience or easy access
• For example, collecting surveys from a

shopping mall, yielding a lot of data at a low
price.
Purposive
Sampling/Judgement
Samples are selected based on personal
judgement of an expert and the expert has to be
confident that it is a representative sample
46
Quota Sampling
♠ In Quota sampling, the sample includes a
minimum number or a quota from each
specified subgroup in the population based
on certain demographic characteristics such
as age, gender, occupation, education etc.
E. g. 40% women and 60% men
47
Snowball Sampling
In snowball sampling, each respondent will also act as
reference to other respondent. It is generally employed
when subjects are hard to locate.
E.g. suppose, researcher is interested in finding reasons

for drug addiction in youth, then he may contact few
respondents and use them as a reference for recruiting
others.
CALCULATION OF A
SAMPLE SIZE
CALCULATION OF A SAMPLE SIZE:
Methods of determining the sample size in practice:
Researchers may arbitrary decide the size of
sample without giving any explicit consideration to
the accuracy of the sample results or the cost of
sampling.
The total budget for the field survey in a project

proposal is allocated.
Researchers may decide on the sample size based

on what was done by the other researchers in
similar studies
Where, n = Sample size;
p = Population proportion;
q=1-p;
e = Margin of error
Z = the value for the given confidence interval
Thank you

Module IX Sampling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module IX Sampling

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module IX Sampling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module IX Sampling

© 2010 Cengage 16–9

1. Elements, Sampling Units, Extent, Time

No. of items is certain No. of items is uncertain

5. Parameters of interest: Sample design should allow

This type of problem is also known as chance

When population is uniform and Large (e.g.

 numbers are arranged in such a way that if

• Method of probability sampling in which the population

Instead of the above method, if the bank takes a

⌂ extension of cluster sampling

• For example, collecting surveys from a

E.g. suppose, researcher is interested in finding reasons

The total budget for the field survey in a project

Researchers may decide on the sample size based

You might also like