M.Sc.

Electrical Engineering
Spring 2019

Lecture 1

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iram Baig

1
Grading
 Grade Breakdown

Quizzes / Assignments 20%

Presentations / Project 20%
MID Semester Exam 20%
End Semester Exam 40%
Total 100%

Attendance Requirement: 85 %
 Class Schedule
 Class Time: Thursday
6 PM to 9 PM
 Venue: Electrical Department
Class Room # 1
 Books: 1. Embedded System Design
by Peter Marwedel (Springer)
2. PIC Microcontroller & Embedded Systems
by Mazidi (Pearson)
 What is an Embedded System?
 A physical system that is controlled by its own processor,
rather than an external one.
 Any device that includes a computer but is not itself a
general-purpose computer
 Hardware and Software, part of some larger systems and
expected to work without human intervention.
 Often the user of the device is not even aware that a
computer is present.
 Responds, monitors and controls external environment
using sensors & actuators.

4
A “short list” of embedded systems
 Anti-lock brakes  Modems
 Auto-focus cameras  MPEG decoders
 Automatic teller machines  Network cards
 Network switches/routers
 Automatic toll systems
 On-board navigation
 Automatic transmission  Pagers
 Avionic systems  Photocopiers
 Battery chargers  Point-of-sale systems
 Camcorders  Portable video games
 Printers
 Cell phones
 Satellite phones
 Cell-phone base stations  Scanners
 Cordless phones  Smart ovens/dishwashers
 Cruise control  Speech recognizers
 Curbside check-in systems  Stereo systems
 Teleconferencing systems
 Digital cameras
 Televisions
 Disk drives  Temperature controllers
 Electronic card readers  Theft tracking systems
 Electronic instruments  TV set-top boxes
 Electronic toys/games  VCR’s, DVD players
 Video game consoles
 Factory control
 Video phones
 Fax machines  Washers and dryers
 Fingerprint identifiers  Life-support systems
 Home security systems  Medical testing systems

And the list goes on and on

5
 Embedded System Applications
Aerospace Navigation systems, automatic landing systems, flight
attitude controls, engine controls, space exploration
(e.g., the Mars Pathfinder).
Fuel injection control, passenger environmental controls,
Automotive anti-lock braking systems, air bag controls, GPS
mapping.
Nintendo's "Game Boy", Mattel's "My Interactive Pooh",
Children's Toys
Tiger Electronic's "Furby".
Communications Satellites; network routers, switches, hubs.
Dishwashers, microwave ovens, VCRs, televisions,
stereos, fire/security alarm systems, lawn sprinkler
Home
controls, thermostats, cameras, clock radios, answering
machines.
6
Embedded System Applications
Industrial Elevator controls, surveillance systems, robots.
Office FAX machines, copiers, telephones, cash registers.
Automation
Medical Imaging systems (e.g., XRAY, MRI, and ultrasound),
patient monitors, heart pacers.
Personal Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), pagers, cell phones,
wrist watches, video games, portable MP3 players, GPS.
Instrumentation Data collection, oscilloscopes, signal generators, signal
analyzers, power supplies
Computer Printers, scanners, keyboards, displays, modems, hard
Peripherals disk drives, CD-ROM drives.

7
 Embedded Automotive

More than 30% of the cost of a car is now in Electronics

90% of all innovations will be based on electronic systems 8
9
Embedded Systems Hardware
Embedded systems hardware is used for processing input to
provide output in task specific fashion

Input Processing Output

Interface Systems Interface

10
Processors
 Micro-Processors and Microcontrollers

 Key Requirements:
 Energy Efficient
 High Code Density
 Combined Size of all instructions needed to perform a
particular task
 Characteristics of a particular instruction set

11
Microprocessors
 CPU for computers
 External RAM, ROM and I/Os
 Example: Intel x86, Motorola 680x0

 DataBus

CPU I/O Serial

RAM ROM Timers
Ports Port

 Address Bus
12
Microcontrollers
 Microcontroller contains some amounts of
memories and I/Os along with CPU, making it a
Microcomputer system on a single chip.
 Examples:
 Intel’s 8051 CPU RAM ROM
 PIC series by Microchip
 ARM microcontrollers
 and many more I/O Timers Serial Port

13
Few Components of a Microcontroller
 A Timer module to allow the micro-controller
to perform tasks for certain time periods
 A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between
the micro-controller and other devices such as
a PC or another micro-controller
 An ADC to allow the micro-controller to accept
analogue input data for processing
 And many others

14
Micro-controller

15
Why Micro-controller ?
 Low cost, small packaging
 Low power consumption
 Programmable/ re-programmable
 Lots of I/O capabilities
 Easy integration with circuits
 Single-purpose
 Good for applications in which cost, power and space
are critical

16
Architectures
Von Neuman
Harvard
CISC
RISC
Super Scalar
VLIW

17
Architectures
Von Neuman (Princeton)
 Only one Memory holds (data + instructions)

18
Architectures
Von Neuman
 Data and Program share the same bus and the
same memory, and so must have the same width.
 CPU Registers:
 Program Counter (PC), Instruction Register (IR) and
other general purpose registers, etc.
 Bottleneck: Getting instructions interferes with
accessing RAM
 Self-correcting programs
19
Architectures contd…

Harvard
 Separate program bus and data bus (can be of different widths!)

20
Architectures contd…

Harvard
 Instruction Pipelining Easy
 Can’t use self modifying codes
 Allows 2 simultaneous memory Fetches
 Most DSPs use Harvard Architecture for
streaming data.
 Greater memory Band-width
 More predictable Band-width

21
22
Architectures contd…

CISC - (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

 Huge instruction set
 Carrying out a different permutation of the same operation
 Instructions for complex operations
 Different instructions of different format
 Different instructions of different length
 Many Addressing modes
 Requires multiple cycles for execution

23
Architectures contd…

RISC- (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

 Reduced set of Instructions for simple operations
 Pipeline Friendly
 Each instruction of fixed length
 Can be executed in a single cycle
 Large general purpose Register set
 Can contain data or addresses
 Load-store Architecture
 No Memory Access for data processing instructions

24
Architectures contd…

RISC vs CISC

25
 Architectures contd…
 Super Scalar
 Multiple CPUs in a single Processor
 Processor decides at runtime about the instructions that
can be executed parallel. (Complex HW)
 Instructions will be executed in an order different from the
strictly sequential one with the restriction that the result
must be correct.
 Execution policies:
1. In-order issue with in-order completion
2. In-order issue with out-of-order completion
3. Out-of-order issue with out-of-order completion
 Examples:
Intel’s Pentium, IBM Power2, AMD K5, MIPS R10K, HP PA8500,
Cyrix 6x86 26
Architectures contd…

VLIW (Very Large Instruction Word)

 Multiple CPUs in a single Processor
 Compiler decides about the instructions that can
be executed parallel and can be grouped in one
bundle (ILP, Instruction Level Parallelism)
 Examples:
i860 (dual mode: RISC and VLIW), TriMedia, SHARC,
Itanium, EPIC, ST200, StarCore, Transmeta Crusoe,
Xtensa

27
CISC vs RISC vs SS vs VLIW
CISC RISC Superscalar VLIW
Instruction fixed size (but
variable size fixed size fixed size
size large)
Instruction variable
fixed format fixed format fixed format
format format
few, some GP and rename many, many
Registers many GP
special (RUU) GP
Memory embedded in
load/store load/store load/store
reference many instr’s
data hardware code
decode
Key Issues forwarding, dependency scheduling,
complexity
hazards resolution (compiler)
Instruction IF ID EX M WB
IF ID EX M WB IF ID EX M WB
EX M WB
flow IF ID EX M WB
IF ID EX M WB

IF ID EX M WB IF ID EX M WB
IF ID EX M WB IF ID EX M WB EX M WB
Performance Comparison
Performance Comparison contd…
Traditional Embedded Systems

31
Components of Embedded Systems

32
 Concluding Remarks
 Embedded computers are all around us.
 Many systems have complex embedded
hardware and software
 Embedded systems have pose many design
challenges: design time, deadlines, power, etc
 Design methodologies help us manage the
design process

33
Assignment # 1

a) CPUs (Salient info)

i860 (dual mode: RISC and VLIW), TriMedia, SHARC,
Itanium, EPIC, ST200, StarCore, Transmeta Crusoe,
Xtensa, Infeneon

b) Daily life examples of embedded systems around us

c) Microcontroller/microprocessor working voltages ?

d) HDD and RAM speeds, data transfer rate?

Due on next class (28.03.2019) 34