What is Belts?

 Is a looped strip of flexible

material used to mechanically
link two or more rotating
shafting.
 Are the cheapest utility for power
transmission between shafts that
may not be axially aligned.
 What is Belts?
 Usually consist of
two layers:

CARCASS
an under layer of
material to provide
linear strength and
shape. Ex. Polyester,
Nylon

COVER
The common belt
an over layer. Ex. materials: leather,
Rubber
rubber, balata, stitched
canvass, cotton fabric
Advantages of Belt Drives:
 Simple and economical.
 Noise and vibration are
damped-out.
 They are lubrication free.
 Less maintenance cost.
 Highly efficient in use (up to
95-98%)
Disadvantages of Belt Drives:

 Heat build-up occurs.

 Operating temperatures are
usually 35-85C.
 Some of adjustment of center
distance is necessary for
wearing and stretching of belt
drive compensation.
Common Terminologies in
Belt Drive
 Driver
- the one who drives or supply power
to other mechanical members.
 Driven
- the one who follows the driver or
receives the power from the driver
 Tight Side
- the portion of the belt in
maximum tension.
 Slack Side
- portion of the belt in minimum
tension.
 Angle of Wrap/Arc of Contact
- theportion of the belt which is
contact with the pulley surface.
FACTORS IN BELT DESIGN

 BELT FRICTION
-Belt drives depend on friction to
operate, but excessive friction wastes
energy and rapidly wears the belt.
 BELT TENSION
-In order to transmit power, the belt
must have initial tension(tension at rest). The
tighter the tension, the more power can be
transmitted without excessive slippage; the
initial tension may be so low it will not
transmit its power.
 BELT THICKNESS AND WIDTH
-Since the repeated flexing of the belt about
the pulley is a significant determinant of the life of
belt. The thickness of the belt depends on the
number of plies and the thickness of the hides used.

 BELT WEAR
-Fatigue, is the culprit for most belt
problems. This wear is caused by stress from
rolling around the pulleys. High belt tension;
excessive slippage; adverse environmental
conditions; and belt overloads caused by shock,
vibration, or belt slapping all contribute to belt
fatigue.
 BELT SPEED
Experience suggest that the most
economical design are obtained for a belt
speed of 4000 to 4500 fpm but any
particular application may require other
speed.
GRADE OF BELTING
 LIGHT DRIVES. These are used to
transmit small powers at belt speed up to
about 10 m/s as in agricultural machines
and small machine tools.
 MEDIUM DRIVES. Used to transmit
medium powers at belt speed over 10 m/s
but up to 22 m/s as in machine tools.
 HEAVY DRIVES. Used to transmit large
powers at the belt speed of more than 2
m/s as in compressors and generators.
MATERIALS USED FOR BELTS
1. LEATHER
Oak-tanned leather is a standard material for flat
belts. Chrome leather may be used where a very pliable
materials is desired.
2. COTTON OR FABRIC BELTS
Most of the fabric belts are made by folding canvass
or cotton duck to three or more layers( defending upon the
thickness desired) and stitching together.
3. RUBBER BELTS
Rubber belts are made in layers (say 3 o 12), called
plies, o canvass duck impregnated with rubber which is
later vulcanized.
LEATHER BELT RUBBER BELT
LAW OF BELTING
“The approaching side must approach the
pulley in a direction in a direction
perpendicular to the pulley’s axis.”

If two intersecting shafts are to be belt

connected, two guide pulleys, one on the
approaching side and one on the preceding
side of the belt, must used. Each guide must
be located that it receives the belt from a
direction perpendicular to the axis of the
next approached pulley.
TYPES OF BELT CONNECTION
OPEN BELT
1. FLAT BELT
2. V BELT
3. TOOTHED
BELT/TIMING CLOSED BELT
BELT
4. CIRULAR BELT
 TYPES OF BELT
1. FLAT BELT
It is the simplest type, often made from leather of
rubber coated fabric. Flat belts are used to transmit
high-speed motion rather than power.

2. V BELT
It is the most widely used type of belt particularly in
industrial drives and vehicular application. It is mostly
used in the factories and workshops where a great
amount of power is transmitted from one pulley to
another, when two pulleys are very near each other.
 TYPES OF BELT
3. TOOTHED BELT/TIMING BELT
It is a power transmission belt with evenly spaced teeth on
the bottom side which mesh with grooves cut on the
periphery of the pulley to produce a positive, no slip,
constant speed drive.
It is paired with toothed pulleys and used as a timing belt
where speed ratio must be maintained.

4. CIRULAR BELT
It is mostly used in the factories and workshops, where a
great amount of power is to be transmitted from one pulley
to another, when two pulleys are more than 8 meters
apart.
FLAT BELT
ADVANTAGES OF FLAT BELTS
 It can be used with high speed drives
 It can be used in dusty and abrasive environments
 It allows long distances between shafts
 It offers long life, high efficiency, low cost and low
maintenance

DISADVANTAGES OF FLAT BELT

 The tension must be kept high so as to keep the slow two
percent. This high tension results in high bearing loads
and belt stress.
 Noise
 Subjected to belt-slip and stretch and heat could build up.
V BELT

ADVANTAGES
 The belt cannot come out of the grooves and the
wedging action permits a smaller arc of contact.
 Shorter center distance can be used.
 The gripping action results in lower belt tension.
 The drives are quite of high speeds.
 The drive is capable of absorbing high shock.
 Standardization results in better initial installation
and replacement.
V BELT

DISADVANTAGES
 The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between
centers of pulleys
 The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and the pulley groove
is negligible.
 Since the V-belts are made endless and therefore the drive is smooth.
 It provides longer life ( 3-5 years)
 It can be easily installed and removed. The operation of the belt and pulley is
quiet.
 The belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are started.
 The high velocity ratio (maximum=10) may be obtained.
 The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives high value of limiting ratio
of tension.
 The V-belt may be operated in either direction with tight side of the belt at the
top or bottom. The center line may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
CIRCULAR BELT

ADVANTAGES
 The belt cannot come out of the grooves and the
wedging action permits a smaller arc of contact.
 Shorter center distance can be used.
 The gripping action results in lower belt tension.
 The drives are quite of high speeds.
 The drive is capable of absorbing high shock.
 Standardization results in better initial installation
and replacement.
There are two types of pulleys used with
belt.

1. FLAT PULLEYS
-used with flat belts

2.GROOVED PULLEYS
-used with v-belts
TYPES OF BELT CONNECTION
 OPEN TYPE BELT DRIVE
-Used to rotate the driven pulley in the same
direction of the driving pulley.
TYPES OF BELT CONNECTION
 OPEN TYPE BELT DRIVE
GENERAL FORMULAS
GENERAL FORMULAS
GENERAL FORMULAS
GENERAL FORMULAS
GENERAL FORMULAS
GENERAL FORMULAS
GENERAL FORMULAS
GENERAL FORMULAS

Density of various materials are

given in the table. Coefficient
of friction for certain belts
are given above.
TYPES OF BELT CONNECTION
 OPEN TYPE BELT DRIVE
TYPES OF BELT CONNECTION
 OPEN TYPE BELT DRIVE
TYPES OF BELT CONNECTION
 OPEN TYPE BELT DRIVE
 CROSSED BELT DRIVES
Used to rotate the driven pulley opposite to the
direction of the driving pulley.
 CROSSED BELT DRIVES
 CROSSED BELT DRIVES
 CROSSED BELT DRIVES
 V BELT FORMULA
 V BELT FORMULA
 V BELT FORMULA
 V BELT FORMULA
 V BELT FORMULA
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. An open belt drive connects 450 mm

driving pulley to another driven pulley 1000
mm in diameter. The belt is 300 mm wide
and 10 mm thick. The coefficient of friction
of the belt drive is 0.30 and the mass of
the belt is 2.8 kg/m of the belt length. The
center distance between shafts is 4 m. The
maximum allowable tensile stress on the
belt is 1500 KPa and the speed of the
driving pulley is 900 rpm.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
 (a)Determine the density of the belt in lb/cu. inch
 (b)Determine the belt speed in 𝒇𝒕ൗ𝒔𝟐
 (c)Find the angle of contact of the small and big
pulley in degree.
 (d)Calculate the arc of contact of the small and big
pulley in mm.
 (e) What is the working pressure in psi?
 (f)What is the cross-sectional area of the belt in
inches?
 (g) What is the power transmitted in horsepower
and KW?
 (h)What is the load on the tight and slack side?
 (i)What is the total load on the shaft in lbs and N?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

2. An electric motor running at 1200 rpm

drives a punch press shaft at 200 rpm by
means of a 130 mm wide and 8 mm thick
belt. When the clutch is engaged, the belt
slips. To correct this condition, an idler pulley
was installed to increase the angle of contact
but the same belt and pulley were used. The
original contact angle on the 200 mm motor
pulley is 160∘ . The original tension ratio is 2.4
and the net tension is 12 N/mm of the belt
width. If an increase in transmission capacity
of 20% will prevent slippage.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

 (a) Determine the coefficient of friction and the net belt

tension.
 (b) Find the torque transmitted
 (c)Find the force on the tight side and slack side and
the total load.
 (d)Determine the transmitted torque if an increase in
transmission capacity of 20% to prevent slippage.
 (e)What is the expected new load on the slack side?
 (f)What is the expected new angle of contact in radians
and degrees?
 (g)Find the total load after the increase in transmission
capacity.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

3. A pulley 610 mm in diameter transmits 40 kw at 500 rpm.

The angle of contact between the belt and the pulley is 144
degrees, the coefficient of friction between the belt and
pulley is 0.35 and the safe working stress of the belt is 2.1
MPa.
 (a) Find the torque and the tangential force.
 (b) Determine the effective belt pull and the net belt
tension ratio.
 (c) What load on the tight side and slack side in Newton.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

3. A pulley 610 mm in diameter

transmits 40 kw at 500 rpm. The angle
of contact between the belt and the
pulley is 144 degrees, the coefficient of
friction between the belt and pulley is
0.35 and the safe working stress of the
belt is 2.1 MPa. Find the width of the
belt used if the thickness of the belt is 6
mm.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

4. Determine open V-belt length if small pulley of 8”

diameter and large pulley of 16” need to be about 20’ apart.

5. Find the design HP and number of belts required for a v-

belt drive running at 900 rpm with a center distance of 16 m
and safety factor of 1.3. The diameters of driven and driver
pulleys are 900 mm and 500 mm respectively. The effective
belt pull is 700 N and the coefficient of friction is 0.18. the
adjuster HP per belt is 15 HP.
 Special Plate

1. A 50 HP, 2500 rpm Diesel Engine is to be used to run

an irrigation pump. If the pump will be operated at
800 rpm, design:
a. A v-belt transmission for this equipment
Type of belt
number of belt
Diameter of smaller sheave
Diameter of larger sheave
center distance
b. sketch the lay-out drawing for this equipment
THANK YOU!!!