Submitted by- Vinay Kumar Vishwakarma

Abstract :
 The Burj Khalifa Tower is the world’s tallest structure,
passing all previous height records such a project by
necessity requires pushing current analysis,
material, construction technologies,
and building systems to literally new heights.
However, as such a building height has never before
been attempted, it is also necessary to ensure all
technologies and methods used are of sound
development and practice.
 The Burj Khalifa Project is the tallest structure ever built by
man; the tower is 828 meters tall and compromise of 162
floors above grade and 3 basement levels.
 As such, the designers sought to be able to use
conventional systems, materials, and construction of
aerodynamic shaping and wind engineering played a major
role in the architectural massing and design of this multi-
use tower, where mitigating and taming the dynamic wind
effects was one of the most important design criteria set
forth at the onset of the project design.
Introduction:
 As part of everyday life our society inhabits buildings.
People have an inherent need for functional spaces
because we as a society are always moving forward,
innovating, and seeking to improve our way of life.
Looking back on history thousands of years ago, the
early builders accomplished amazing feats for their time:
The Egyptians built the great pyramid sand the Romans
became the world’s most powerful empire by building
aqueducts and stone roads to support their massive city
and population. As increasing knowledge of
construction practices flourished, so did the colossal
accomplishments of man.
 With each marvel of engineering finished the
architectural bar became higher and higher. Buildings
became wonderful yet mysterious creations to gaze
upon. When I see a skyscraper I think of them as
beautiful enigmas encased in steel and concrete. Their
beautify stems from never knowing what to expect. On
the building’s façade there is a certain architectural look.
But on inside the structural system (call it the skeleton of
the building that is not meant to be seen) can look vastly
different and profoundly intriguing. Whenever you think
you’ve seen all there is, you are stunned by another
architectural creation that you did not think was
possible.
 The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is a building of superlatives. At 828
metres (2,717 feet), it’s the tallest in the world,227 metres
taller than No.2, the Makkah Clock Royal Tower in Mecca.
More than double the height of the Empire State Building,
the 163-story building took six years, $1.5 billion, 110,000 tons
of concrete, and 22 million man-hours to build. But the most
interesting thing about it isn’t any of these incredible
statistics but the way it looks: Unlike most supertall
buildings, the Burj is nice to look at. It’ s not a workmanlike
stack of boxes, like the 442-meter Willis (née Sears) Tower in
Chicago, or a postmodern heritage trinket like the Makkah
Clock Tower , which resembles a Big Ben souvenir someone
might buy at Heathrow.
 Burj Khalifa is an ambitious project carrying different
dimensions of meaning, which stem mainly from its
unique status as the tallest man-made building ever. It is
the first time that one building has succeeded in exceeding
through its height all previous records of height whatever
their classification: for instance, the tallest building, the
highest occupied floor, the highest roof area, the tallest
building structure and the highest antenna tip. Not only
this, but the challenge took on another dimension when it
became a challenge to itself, which explains its success in
exceeding more than 60 percent in height the world’s
former tallest building—Taipei 101. In the midst of these
achievements, we have to keep in mind that Burj Khalifa is
a building subject to all the requirements of
appropriateness for tall Buildings.
Literture Survey:
 The literature review is devoted to Burj Khalifa and the
emergence of tallest buildings in general. It is
appropriate to state here that the short period of
existence of Burj Khalifa makes the literature dealing
with it mostly technical reports. However, I defined
three main resources that provide a wide view of tallest
buildings.
Although it contains some information about Burj
Khalifa, The Tall Buildings, Reference Book is on the
whole a collection of essays that discuss designing tall
buildings generally. The book begins with a historical
introduction that covers the development of tall
buildings; then it addresses topics that are considered
essential in designing tall buildings, such as the human,
social, urban, aesthetic and economic aspects.
 There is attendency to deal with designing tall buildings
from the technical viewpoint and architectural practices
beginning from the procurement stage through the
design and of tall buildings and, finally, the
dramatic change in the materials of and structural
approaches to tall buildings. Though technological
innovations in tall buildings take up much of the
space, there are concealed underneath general
descriptions of the main topics, such as structural
design, envelope treatment and others.
 From my research angle, the significance of the book
lies in its containing Burj Khalifa as a case study for
examining certain issues about tall buildings, such as
the transformation in the definition of tall buildings,
their social effect, structural behavior and design for
wind, as well the general view of their design. Burj
Khalifa as a case study takes on different dimensions
since it engenders a new scale of technical and design
requirements by being classified in a new generation
of tall buildings—the Megatall—which has resulted in
the re-crystallization of tall building codes.
Compensation Methodology:
 The tower is being constructed utilizing both a vertical and
horizontal compensation program. For vertical
compensation, each story is being constructed to a
theoretical elevation incorporating a modest increase in
the typical floor-to-floor height. This vertical
compensation was selected to ensure the actual height of
the structure, after the time-dependant shortening effects
of creep and shrinkage, will be greater than the as-designed
final height. For horizontal compensation, the building is
being “re-centered” with each successive center hex core
jump. The re-centering compensation will correct for all
gravity induced sidesway effects (elastic, differential
foundation settlement, creep and shrinkage) which occur
up to the casting of each story .
Experimental Work:
 Excavation work began for Burj Khalifa the tallest skyscraper in the
world in January 2004 and over the years, the building passed many
important milestones to become the tallest man-made structure the
world has ever seen. In just 1,325 days since excavation work started in
January, 2004, Burj Khalifa became the tallest free-standing structure
in the world.
 Burj Khalifa has "refuge floors" at 25 to 30 story intervals that are more
fire resistant and have separate air supplies in case of emergency. Its
reinforced concrete structure makes it stronger than steel-frame
skyscrapers.
 Designers purposely shaped the structural concrete Burj Dubai - "Y"
shaped in plan - to reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to
keep the structure simple and foster constructibility. The structural
system can be described as a "buttressed" core (Figures 1, 2 and 3). Each
wing, with its own high performance concrete corridor walls and
perimeter columns, buttresses the others via a six-sided central core, or
hexagonal hub. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff laterally and
torsionally. SOM applied a rigorous geometry to the tower that aligned
all the common central core, wall, and column elements.
 Each tier of the building sets back in a spiral stepping
pattern up the building. The setbacks are organized with
the Tower's grid, such that the building stepping is
accomplished by aligning columns above with walls below
to provide a smooth load path. This allows the construction
to proceed without the normal difficulties associated with
column transfers.
 The setbacks are organized such that the Tower's width
changes at each setback. The advantage of the stepping and
shaping is to "confuse the wind'1. The wind vortices never
get organized because at each new tier the wind encounters
a different building shape. The Khalifa's Tower and Podium
structures are currently under construction and the
project is scheduled for topping out in 2008.
Conclusion:
On the 4th of January 2010, the opening ceremony of
Burj Khalifa was held to celebrate the tallest man made
structure in the world for at least the next decade. This
project has made a new history in the world of
architecture and engineering. The Burj Khalifa project by
choosing The modular, Y-shaped structure, with setbacks
along each of its three wings provides an inherently
stable configuration for the structure and provides good
floor plates for residential, Twenty-six helical levels
decrease the cross section of the tower incrementally as it
spirals skyward, The central core emerges at the top and
culminates in a sculpted spire.Y-shaped floor plan
maximizes views of the Persian Gulf.
 Viewed from the base or the air, Burj Dubai is evocative of
the onion domes prevalent in Islamic Architecture. All the
above reasons had led to Creates a special harmony
between structure and architecture. The Burj Khalifa
project demonstrates that tall building system
development is always directly related to the latest
developments in material technologies, structural
engineering theories, wind engineering, seismic
engineering, computer technologies, and construction
methods. The Burj Khalifa project capitalizes on the
advancements in these technologies, and in advancing the
development of supertall buildings and the art of structural
engineering.