Advanced Calculus

TOPICS IN VECTOR
CALCULUS

September 2019
 LEARNING OUTCOME MATA KULIAH - 1
 Mampu menurunkan dan menggunakan konsep dari vector calculus
dalam memecahkan masalah terapannya
TOPICS IN VECTORCALCULUS
1. VECTOR FIELDS
2. LINE INTEGRALS
3. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH; CONSERVATIVE
VECTOR FIELDS
4. GREEN’S THEOREM
5. SURFACE INTEGRALS
6. APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE INTEGRALS; FLUX
7. THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
8. STOKES’ THEOREM
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
 According to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, the
Earth exerts an attractive force on the mass that is directed
toward the center of the Earth and has a magnitude that is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
mass to the Earth’s center.

 This association of force vectors with points in space is called

the Earth’s gravitational field.
VECTOR FIELDS
 Imagine a stream in which the water flows horizontally at
every level, and consider the layer of water at a specific depth.
 At each point of the layer, the water has a certain velocity,
which we can represent by a vector at that point.

 This association of velocity vectors with points in the two-

dimensional layer is called the velocity field at that layer
VECTOR FIELDS
 Velocity vector fields showing San Francisco Bay wind
patterns
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS

 In a plane xy

 In 3-space with an xyz-coordinate system

VECTOR FIELDS

Vector field on R2 Vector field on R3

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF VECTOR
FIELDS
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
VECTOR FIELDS
A COMPACT NOTATION FOR VECTOR
FIELDS
 Sometimes it is helpful to denote the vector fields F(x, y) and
F(x, y, z) entirely in vector notation by identifying (x, y) with
the radius vector r = x i + y j and (x, y, z) with the radius
vector r = x i + y j + z k.

 With this notation a vector field in either 2-space or 3- space

can be written as F(r).

 When no confusion is likely to arise, we will sometimes omit

the r altogether and denote the vector field as F.
GRADIENT FIELDS
 An important class of vector fields arises from the process of
finding gradients.
 Recall that if ϕ is a function of three variables, then the
gradient of ϕ is defined as :

 This formula defines a vector field in 3-space called the

gradient field of ϕ.
 Similarly, the gradient of a function of two variables defines a
gradient field in 2-space
GRADIENT FIELDS
EXAMPLE
Find the gradient field of ϕ (x, y) = x + y.

Solution
The gradient of ϕ is
EXERCISE 1.1
Find the gradient field of :

1. f  x, y   5 y  x3 y 2

2. f  x, y   x2  x3 y 2  y 4

3. f  x, y    x  1 2 y  1
xy 2
4. f  x, y, z   3
z
5. f  x, y, z   xy  3x  z pada (2,-1,4)
2 2 3

6. f  x, y, z   x2 z 2 sin 4 y pada (-2,π/3,1)

 CONSERVATIVE FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
If F(r) is an arbitrary vector field in 2-space or 3-space, we can ask
whether it is the gradient field of some function ϕ, and if so, how
we can find ϕ.
CONSERVATIVE FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
Confirm that ϕ is a potential function for F(r)

Solution

  x, y, z   2 xi  6 yj  8 zk
  F
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
Divergence
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
EXAMPLE
Find the divergence of the vector field

Solution
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
Curl (Rotational)
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
EXAMPLE
Find the curl of the vector field

Solution
THE ∇ OPERATOR
 Gradient

 Divergence

 Curl
THE LAPLACIAN ∇2
Laplacian operator

When applied to ϕ(x, y, z) the Laplacian operator produces the

function

Note that ∇2 ϕ can also be expressed as div (∇ ϕ).

EXERCISE 1.2
Find the divergence and the curl of the vector field

1 . F  x, y, z   xz i  yz j  xy k

2. F  x , y , z   4 xy i   2 x 2
 2 yz  
j  3 z 2
 y 2
k

3. F  x, y, z    x 2 y 3  z 4  i  4 x5 y 2 z j - y 4 z 6 k

4. F  x, y, z   xe z i  4 yz 2 j + 3 y 4 e z k
LINE INTEGRALS
PRETEST 2
 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑖 + 4𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑘
Tentukan :
a. Curl F
b. Div F
c. Div(curl F)
LINE INTEGRALS
 The first goal of this section is to define what it means to
integrate a function along a curve.
LINE INTEGRALS
 EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
For a curve C in the xy-plane that is given by parametric equations
x = x(t), y = y(t) (a ≤ t ≤ b)

If C is a curve in 3-space that is parametrized by x = x(t), y = y(t), z

= z(t) (a ≤ t ≤ b)
 EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the line integral

from (1, 0, 0) to (−1, 0, π) along the helix C that is represented by

the parametric equations x = cos t, y = sin t, z =t (0 ≤ t ≤ π)
 EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
Solution
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
 We now describe a second type of line integral in which we
replace the “ds” in the integral by dx, dy, or dz.
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
EXAMPLE
Evaluate

along the circular arc C given by x = cos t, y = sin t (0 ≤ t ≤ π/2)

LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
EXERCISE 2.1
1. Evaluate  2 xy dx ;  2 xy dy ;  2 xy ds on the curve C defined
C C C

by x  5 cos t ; y  5 sin t ; 0  t  
4
2. Evaluate  z dx ;  z dy ;  z dz ;  z ds on the curve C defined

C C C C

by x  cos t ; y  sin t ; z  t ; 0  t 
2
3. Evaluate  xy dx  x 2 dy , where C is given by y  x3 ;  1  x  2
C

4. Evaluate  y dx  x dy  z dz ,
C

where C is the helix x  2 cos t ; y  2 sin t ; z  t ; 0  t  

4
INTEGRATING A VECTOR FIELD ALONG A CURVE
INTEGRATING A VECTOR FIELD ALONG A CURVE
WORK AS A LINE INTEGRAL
 An important application of line integrals with respect to x, y,
and z is to the problem of defining the work performed by a
variable force moving a particle along a curved path
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG PIECEWISE SMOOTH
CURVES
 Thus far, we have only considered line integrals along smooth
curves.
 However, the notion of a line integral can be extended to
curves formed from finitely many smooth curves C1,C2, . . . ,
Cn joined end to end. Such a curve is called piecewise smooth.
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG PIECEWISE SMOOTH
CURVES
EXAMPLE
Evaluate

where C is the triangular path shown in

Figure
EXERCISE 2.2
1. Hitung integral   2 x  y  dx  xy dy pada kurva yang melalui
C
titik antara (-1,2) dan (2,5).
2. Hitung integral   2 x  y  dx  xy dy pada kurva berikut
C

3. Hitung integral  y 2 dx  x2 dy pada kurva tertutup berikut:

EXERCISE 2.2
4. Hitung integral  y dx  x dy pada kurva berikut
C

5. Hitung integral   x2  y 2  dx  2 xy dy pada kurva berikut

C
 INDEPENDENCE OF PATH;
CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
WORK INTEGRALS
 We saw in the last section that if F is a force field in 2-space or
3-space,
 Then the work performed by the field on a particle moving
along a parametric curve C from an initial point P to a final
point Q is given by the integral

 Accordingly, we call an integral of this type a work integral

WORK INTEGRALS
Recall that a work integral can also be expressed in scalar form as
INDEPENDENCE OF PATH
 The parametric curve C in a work integral is called the path of
integration
 If the force field F is conservative (i.e., is the gradient of some
potential function ϕ ), then the work that the field performs on
a particle that moves from P to Q does not depend on the
particular path C that the particle follows.
INDEPENDENCE OF PATH
EXAMPLE
The force field F (x, y) = y i + x j is conservative since it is the gradient
of ϕ(x, y) = xy (verify). Confirm that the value of the work integral

is the same along the following paths

(a) The line segment y = x from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
(b) The parabola y = x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
(c) The cubic y = x3 from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
INDEPENDENCE OF PATH
a. With x = t as the parameter, the path of integration is given by

b. With x = t as the parameter, the path of integration is given by

c. With x = t as the parameter, the path of integration is given by

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF LINE INTEGRALS
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF LINE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
(a) Confirm that the force field F(x, y) = y i + x j is conservative by
showing that F(x, y) is the gradient of ϕ (x , y) = xy.
(b) Use the Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals to evaluate

Solution (a).

Solution (b).
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG CLOSED PATHS
 Parametric curves that begin and end at the same point play an
important role in the study of vector fields, so there is some
special terminology associated with them.
 A parametric curve C that is represented by the vector-valued
function r(t) for a ≤ t ≤ b is said to be closed if the initial point
r(a) and the terminal point r(b) coincide; that is, r(a) = r(b)
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG CLOSED PATHS
 The line integral of a conservative vector field along a closed
path C that begins and ends at (x0, y0) is zero.

 Our next objective is to show that the converse of this result is

also true.
 That is, we want to show that under appropriate conditions a
vector field whose line integral is zero along all closed paths
must be conservative
 For this to be true we will need to require that the domain D of
the vector field be connected
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG CLOSED PATHS
LINE INTEGRALS ALONG CLOSED PATHS
A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
 To develop a method for determining whether a vector field is
conservative, we will need to introduce some new concepts
about parametric curves and connected sets.
 We will say that a parametric curve is simple if it does not
intersect itself between its endpoints
 A simple parametric curve may or may not be closed
A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
EXAMPLE
Determine whether the vector field F (x, y) = (y + x) i + (y − x) j
is conservative on some open set.

SOLUTION
Let f (x, y) = y + x and g(x, y) = y − x. Then

hence F is not conservative on any open set.

A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
EXAMPLE
Let F (x, y) = 2xy3 i + (1 + 3x2y2) j.
(a) Show that F is a conservative vector field on the entire xy-plane.
(b) Find ϕ by first integrating ∂ ϕ/∂x.
(c) Find ϕ by first integrating ∂ ϕ/∂y.

Solution
(a). Since f (x, y) = 2xy3 and g (x, y) = 1 + 3x2y2, we have
A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
(b). Since the field F is conservative, there is a potential function φ such that

Integrating the first of these equations with respect to x (and treating y as a

constant) yields

from which it follows that k’(y) = 1

A TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
(c). Since the field F is conservative, there is a potential function φ such that

Integrating the first of these equations with respect to y (and treating x as a

constant) yields

from which it follows that k’(y) = 0, and consequently that k(x) = K

CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS IN 3-SPACE
 In 3-space, we have

 If F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)i + g (x, y, z)j + h(x, y, z)k is a

conservative field, then

that is, curl F = 0.

EXERCISE 3
1. Apakah F  x, y   y i  x j conservative?

2. Apakah F  x, y    x 2  2 y 3  i   x  5 y  j conservative?

3. Apakah F  x, y    4 x3 y 3  3 i   3x 4 y 2  1 j conservative?

4. Apakah F  x, y    x3  y  i   x  y 3  j conservative?
EXERCISE 3
5. Apakah F  x, y    y 2  6 xy  6  i   2 xy  3x 2  2 y  j
conservative? Jika iya hitung f (potential function of F) dan
hitung :
 3,4 

 F.dr
 1,0 

6. Apakah   y  yz  dx   x  3z 3  xz  dy   9 yz 2  xy  1 dz
C

independent pada path C antara (1,1,1) dan ( 2,1,4)?

hitung :
 2,1,4

 F.dr
1,1,1
EXERCISE 3
Tunjukkan bahwa line integral berikut adalah independent of the
path, serta hitung hasilnya
 3,2
7.
  x  2 y  dx   2 x  y  dy
1,0
 2,8
8.
  y 3
 3 x 2
y  
dx  x 3
 3 y 2
x  1 dy
 0,0

 3,6

  2 y x  3 dx   2 yx  4  dy
9. 2 2

1,2

 2,4,8
10.  yz dx  xz dy  xy dz
1,1,1
GREEN’S THEOREM
GREEN’S THEOREM
GREEN’S THEOREM
EXAMPLE
Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate

along the triangular path shown in Figure

SOLUTION
Since f(x, y) = x2y and g(x, y) = x, it follows from (1) that
A NOTATION FOR LINE INTEGRALS AROUND
SIMPLE CLOSED CURVES
 It is common practice to denote a line integral around a simple
closed curve by an integral sign with a superimposed circle

 Sometimes a direction arrow is added to the circle to indicate

whether the integration is clockwise or counterclockwise
FINDING WORK USING GREEN’S THEOREM
EXAMPLE
Find the work done by the force field

on a particle that travels once around the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1 in the

counterclockwisedirection
FINDING WORK USING GREEN’S THEOREM
 EXERCISE 4
Gunakan Green’s Theorem untuk menghitung integral
berikut:
1.  2 y dx  5x dy dimana C adalah lingkaran
C

 x  1   y  3  25
2 2

2.   x 4
 2 y 3  dx   2 x3  y 4  dy dimana C adalah lingkaran
C

x2  y 2  4
 EXERCISE 4
3. Find the work done by the force F   x  y  i   x  y  j
acting along the simple closed curved C

4. Find the work done by the force F   16 y  sin x 2  i   4e y  3x 2  j

acting along the simple closed curved C
x

x
 EXERCISE 4
5.Verify green’s theorem by evaluating both integrals


C
 y dx  x dy 
R
2 dA

where C is the circle x  3cos  ; y  3sin  ; 0    2

6. Verify green’s theorem by evaluating both integrals

C
  x  y  dx  xy dy   y  1
R
dA

where C is the triangle with vertices (0,0), (1,0), (1,3)

EXERCISE 4
Tunjukkan green’s theorem berlaku
 Q P 

C
P dx  Q dy  R  x  y  dA
1. Dimana P  2 xy dan Q  3xy 2 dan C adalah segitiga dengan
koordinat sudutnya (1,2) , (2,2) dan (2,4).
2. Dimana : P  y 2 dan Q  4 xy
Dan C merupakan kurva tertutup yang terdiri dari busur parabola
y = x2 dari titik asal (0,0) ke titik (3,9) dan segmen garis y = 3x
dari titik (3,9) ke titik asal (0,0).
y
(3, 9)

y = 3x

y = x2

x
(0, 0)
SURFACE INTEGRALS
DEFINITION OF A SURFACE INTEGRAL
Parametric Representation
Parametric Representation
 We describe a space curve by a vector function r(t) of a
single parameter t.
 Similarly, we can describe a surface by a vector function
r(u, v) of two parameters u and v.

r(u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z (u, v) k

Parametric Representation
 Parametric Representation
1. Find a parametric representation for the cylinder
x2  y 2  9 0 z2

2. Find a vector function that represents the elliptic paraboloid

z  x2  2 y 2

3. Find a parametric representation for the surface

z  2 x2  y 2
Tangent Planes
 We now find the tangent plane to a parametric surface S
traced out by a vector function

r(u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v) k

at a point P0 with position vector r(u0, v0).

Tangent Planes
 Keeping u constant by putting u = u0, r(u0, v) becomes a
vector function of the single parameter v and defines a grid
curve C1 lying on S.
Tangent Planes
 Keeping u constant by putting u = u0, r(u0, v) becomes a
vector function of the single parameter v and defines a grid
curve C1 lying on S.
Tangent Planes
 Tangent Planes
 The tangent vector to C1 at P0 is obtained by taking the
partial derivative of r with respect to v:

x y z
rv  (u0 , v0 ) i  (u0 , v0 ) j  (u0 , v0 ) k
v v v
 The tangent vector to C2 at P0 is obtained by taking the
partial derivative of r with respect to u:

x y z
ru  (u0 , v0 ) i  (u0 , v0 ) j  (u0 , v0 ) k
u u u
Tangent Planes
 Normal
n  ru  rv
 Tangent Planes
1. Find the tangent plane to the surface with parametric
equations x  u 2 ; y  v2 ; z  u  2v at the point (1, 1, 3).

2. Find the normal of the surface with parametric

equations x  u 2  v2 ; y  v2 ; z  u  2v at the point (5, 4,
5)
Surface Areas
 The surface area of S is
 Surface Areas
Now, consider the special case of a surface S with equation z =
f(x, y), where (x, y) lies in D and f has continuous partial
derivatives.

 Here, we take x and y as parameters.

 The parametric equations are:

x=x y=y z = f(x, y)

Surface Areas
 Thus,

 f   f 
rx  i    k ry  j    k
 x   y 
and

i j k
f f f
rx  ry  1 0   i  jk
x x y
f
0 1
y
 Surface Areas
 Thus, we have:

2
 f   f 
2

| rx  ry |        1
 x   y 
2
 z   z 
2

 1     
 x   y 
 Surface Areas
 Then, the surface area formula becomes:

2
 z   z 
2

A( S )   1       dA
D  x   y 
EVALUATING SURFACE INTEGRALS
There are various procedures for evaluating surface integrals that
depend on how the surface σ is represented.
EVALUATING SURFACE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the surface integral over the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.

SOLUTION
The sphere is the graph of the vector-valued function

and
EVALUATING SURFACE INTEGRALS
EVALUATING SURFACE INTEGRALS
SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
In the case where σ is a surface of the form z = g(x, y), we can
take x = u and y = v as parameters and express the equation of
the surface as

in which case we obtain

and
SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
Theorem
SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
Theorem
SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
Theorem
SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the surface integral

where σ is the part of the plane x + y + z = 1 that lies in the first octant.
SOLUTION
The equation of the plane can be written as z = 1 − x − y
Consequently, we can apply Formula

with z = g(x, y) = 1 − x − y and f (x, y, z) = xz. We have :

SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the surface integral

where σ is the part of the cone that lies between the planes z = 1 and z
=2
SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
SURFACE INTEGRALS OVER z = g(x, y), y = g(x,
z), AND x = g(y, z)
where R is the annulus enclosed between x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4.
Using polar coordinates to evaluate this double integral over the
annulus R yields
EXERCISE 5
1. Evaluate  y dS where S is the surface
S

z = x + y2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2

2. Evaluate  G  x, y, z  dS where G(x,y,z) =x, S is the portion of

S
the cylinder z=2- x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 20.5, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4
APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE
INTEGRALS; FLUX
FLOW FIELDS
 We will be concerned in this section with vector fields in 3-
space that involve some type of “flow”— the flow of a fluid or
the flow of charged particles in an electrostatic field

 In the case of fluid flow, the vector field F(x, y, z) represents

the velocity of a fluid particle at the point (x, y, z), and the fluid
particles flow along “streamlines” that are tangential to the
velocity vectors.
FLOW FIELDS
ORIENTED SURFACES
 Our main goal in this section is to study flows of vector
fields through permeable surfaces placed in the field.

 For this purpose we will need to consider some basic ideas

about surfaces.

 Most surfaces that we encounter in applications have two

sides—a sphere has an inside and an outside, and an
infinite horizontal plane has a top side and a bottom side.
ORIENTED SURFACES
 However, there exist mathematical surfaces with only one side.
 The Möbius strip has only one side in the sense that a bug can
traverse the entire surface without crossing an edge
 In contrast, a sphere is two-sided in the sense that a bug
walking on the sphere can traverse the inside surface or the
outside surface but cannot traverse both without somehow
passing through the sphere
ORIENTED SURFACES
 A two-sided surface is said to be orientable, and a one-sided
surface is said to be nonorientable.
 In the rest of this text we will only be concerned with
orientable surfaces
 In applications, it is important to have some way of
distinguishing between the two sides of an orientable surface.
 For this purpose let us suppose that σ is an orientable surface
that has a unit normal vector n at each point
ORIENTED SURFACES
 It can be proved that if σ is a smooth orientable surface,
then it is always possible to choose the direction of n at
each point so that n = n(x, y, z) varies continuously over
the surface.
 These unit vectors are then said to form an orientation of
the surface
ORIENTATION OF A SMOOTH PARAMETRIC
SURFACE
 When a surface is expressed parametrically, the parametric
equations create a natural orientation of the surface
 if a smooth parametric surface σ is given by the vector equation

then the unit normal

is a continuous vector-valued function of u and v.

FLUX
 In physics, the term fluid is used to describe both liquids and
gases. Liquids are usually regarded to be incompressible,
meaning that the liquid has a uniform density (mass per unit
volume) that cannot be altered by compressive forces.
 Gases are regarded to be compressible, meaning that the
density may vary from point to point and can be altered by
compressive forces.
 In this text we will be concerned primarily with incompressible
fluids
 Our next goal in this section is to define a fundamental concept
of physics known as flux (from the Latin word fluxus, meaning
“flowing”).
FLUX
The volume of fluid that flows through a portion of the surface depends
on three factors:

 The speed of the fluid; the greater the speed, the greater the volume .
 How the surface is oriented relative to the flow; the more nearly
orthogonal the flow is to the surface, the greater the volume .
 The area of the portion of the surface; the greater the area, the
greater the volume.
FLUX

The flux can also be expressed as the surface integral

EVALUATING FLUX INTEGRALS
An effective formula for evaluating flux integrals
EVALUATING FLUX INTEGRALS
EVALUATING FLUX INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Find the flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = zk across the
outward oriented sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2.

The sphere with outward positive orientation can be represented

by the vector valued function
EVALUATING FLUX INTEGRALS
Moreover, for points on the sphere we have F = zk = a cos φk;
hence,
ORIENTATION OF NONPARAMETRIC SURFACES
 Nonparametric surfaces of the form z = g(x, y), y = g(z, x),
and x = g(y, z) can be expressed parametrically using the
independent variables as parameters.
 More precisely, these surfaces can be represented by the
vector equations
ORIENTATION OF NONPARAMETRIC SURFACES
ORIENTATION OF NONPARAMETRIC SURFACES
 The results in Table can also be obtained using gradients.
To see how this can be done, rewrite the equations of the
surfaces as
z − g(x, y) = 0, y− g(z, x) = 0, x− g(y, z) = 0
ORIENTATION OF NONPARAMETRIC SURFACES
ORIENTATION OF NONPARAMETRIC SURFACES
EXAMPLE
Let σ be the portion of the surface z = 1 − x2 − y2 that lies
above then xy-plane, and suppose that σ is oriented up, as
shown in Figure. Find the flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) =
xi + y j + zk across σ.
ORIENTATION OF NONPARAMETRIC SURFACES
EXERCISE 6
1. Find the unit normal vector of the sphere of radius a>0 :
x2  y 2  z 2  a2

2. Find the flux of F through the surface S given by that portion

of the plane z=6-3x-2y in the first octant oriented upward.
F  x, y, z   z j  z k
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
ORIENTATION OF PIECEWISE SMOOTH CLOSED SURFACES
 Previously : Flux across general surfaces
 Now : Exclusively surfaces that are boundaries of finite solids,
 Example: the surface of a solid sphere, the surface of a solid box, or the
surface of a solid cylinder

 Limits:
 Piecewise smooth surfaces that can be
assigned an inward orientation (toward
the interior of the solid) and an
outward orientation (away from the
interior).
 Difficult mathematically precise,
 The basic idea is:
Each piece of the surface is orientable,
and oriented pieces fit together in such
a way that the entire surface can be
assigned an orientation.
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
Previously,

Divergence Theorem or Gauss’s Theorem

USING THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM TO FIND FLUX
USING THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM TO FIND FLUX
The Divergence Theorem is usually the method of choice for finding the
flux across closed piecewise smooth surfaces with multiple sections, since
it eliminates the need for a separate integral evaluation over each section.
USING THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM TO FIND FLUX
USING THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM TO FIND FLUX
USING THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM TO FIND FLUX
Divergence Théorème
1. Evaluate   F . n  dS where F  xy i  y 2 z j  z 3 k and S is the
S
unit cube defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1
Divergence Theorem
2. Verify Gauss theorem :  F  n dS   div F ( x, y, z ) dV
S E
where : F  xy i  x z j  4 xy k
2 2

and E is the rectangle with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2

z

(0, 2, 2)

y
(2, 0, 0)

x (2, 2, 0)
Divergence Théorème
3. Let D be the region bounded by the hemisphere
x 2  y 2   z  1  9, 1  z  4
2

and the plane z=1. Verify the divergence theorem

 F  n dS   div F ( x, y, z) dV
S E

if F  x i  y j+  z  1 k
STOKES’ THEOREM
RELATIVE ORIENTATION OF CURVES AND
SURFACES
 We will be concerned in this section with oriented surfaces in 3-space
that are bounded by simple closed parametric curves.
RELATIVE ORIENTATION OF CURVES AND
SURFACES
 If σ is an oriented surface bounded by a simple closed
parametric curve C, then there are two possible relationships
between the orientations of σ and C, which can be described as
follows
STOKES’ THEOREM
USING STOKES’ THEOREM TO CALCULATE
WORK
 For computational purposes it is usually preferable to use
Formula (30) in Section 15.2

Section 15.2

to rewrite the formula in Stokes’ Theorem as

USING STOKES’ THEOREM TO CALCULATE
WORK
Example 1
Find the work performed by the force field
on a particle that traverses the rectangle C in the plane z = y shown in Figure.
USING STOKES’ THEOREM TO CALCULATE
WORK
The work performed by the field:

a downward orientation to make the

orientation of C positive, as required by
Stokes’ Theorem
USING STOKES’ THEOREM TO CALCULATE
WORK
USING STOKES’ THEOREM TO CALCULATE
WORK
Example 2

Verify Stokes’ Theorem for the

vector field F(x, y, z) = 2zi + 3x j +
5yk taking σ to be the portion of the
paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y2 for which z
≥ 0 with upward orientation, and C to
be the positively oriented circle x2 +
y2 = 4 that forms the boundary of σ in
the xy-plane
USING STOKES’ THEOREM TO CALCULATE
WORK
 We will verify Formula

 Since σ is oriented up, the positive orientation of C is

counterclockwise looking down the positive z-axis. Thus, C can be
represented parametrically (with positive orientation) by
USING STOKES’ THEOREM TO CALCULATE
WORK
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREEN’S THEOREM
AND STOKES’ THEOREM
It is sometimes convenient to regard a vector field

in 2-space as a vector field in 3-space by expressing it as

Thus, Green’s Theorem

can be viewed as a special
case of Stokes’ Theorem.
Stokes’ Theorem
1. Verify Stokes’ theorem. S that portion of the plane z=1 within
the cylinder x2+y2=4 and F  5 y i - 5 x j+ 3 k . Assume S is
oriented upward
2. Let S be the part of the cylinder
Verify Stokes’ theorem for the vector field F  xy i  yz j+ xz k
Assume S is oriented upward z  1  x2 for 0  x  1 ,  2  y  2
Stokes’ Theorem
3. Verify Stokes’ theorem.

C
F  dr   curl F  dS
S

dimana : F  xy i  2 yz j  xz k
dan permukaan S seperti pada gambar.
References
 Anton, H., Bivens, Irl, Davis, S. Calculus 10th Edition.
2012. John Wiley & Sons.
 Kreyszig, E,, Kreyszig, H., Norminton, E. J. Advanced
Engineering Mathematics 10th Edition. 2011. John Wiley
& Sons.
 Zill, D. G., Wright, W. S. Advanced Engineering
Mathematics Fifth Edition. 2014. Jones & Bartlett
Learning.