SUMMER VACATION

HOMEWORK
NETWORKING CONCEPTS
•COMPUTER NETWORK & IT’S
COMPONENTS
A computer network can be defined as a group of
computers and other peripheral devices that are linked
together for the purpose of sharing data and hardware
resources.

FOR EXAMPLE :--If one of the computer in a

network has a printer attached to it, then all the
computers in that network can access the printer and
use it to print the document.
The computers in a network can communicate with
each other as well as work independently.
Each computer in a network is called a NODE .
One of these nodes acts as a SENDER that
transmits the information to other nodes in the
network known as RECEIVERS.
These computers are linked with each other through
some medium ,such as cables ,telephones line , radio
waves ,or infrared light beams.
1)MESSAGE:-- It is the information to be
communicated .It can contain text , pictures , audios,
videos, etc.
2)SENDER :-- Sender is a device ,i.e., a computer
,workstation, mobile phones, or tablet that sends the
data message through web browser .
3)RECEIVER :--Receiver is a device that receives the
data messages. It can also be a computer ,
workstation, tablet, or mobiles phones.
4)TRANSMISSION MEDIUM:--It is the physical
path through which the messages travels from the
sender to the receiver . Twisted pair cable, coaxial
cable ,fiber - optic cable , and radio waves are some
common examples of a transmission medium.
5)PROTOCOL:-- A protocol specifies a set of rules
that governs the data communication . Without a
protocol , the data cannot be exchanged between two
communicating devices.
• Data can be transmitted from one
location to another by using wires or
without the use of wires.
NETWORKING MEDIA

1) WIRED NETWORKING
TECHNLOGY

2)WIRELESS NETWORKING
TECHNOLOGY
1) WIRED NETWORKING
TECNOLOGY
a) ETHERNET CABLES

b) COAXIAL CABLES

c) OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

•ETHERNET CABLES
An Ethernet cable is one of the most popular form of
network cable used in wired networks.
This cable resembles a phone cable , but is larger
than the phone cable and has eight wires.
Ethernet cables connect various devices such as PCs,
routers, and switches within a local area network.
•COAXIAL CABLES
A coaxial cable is used in the transmission of video,
communication signals and audio.
It is mainly used by the cable television industry
to connect TVs to a cable TV services.

However ,this cable can also be in networks and has

high bandwidth and greater transmission capacity.
•Optical fiber cable
Fiber optics is a popular technology that has a larger
capacity to transfer data at a very high speed .

A fiber optic cable consist of central glass core

containing a bundle of glass threads , surrounded
by several layers of protective material .

The glass thread are capable of transmitting data

converted into light signal at extremely high speed.
2) WIRELESS NETWORKING
TECHNOLOGY

a)BLUETOOTH

b)INFRARED TECHNOLOGY

c) Wi-Fi
•BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a communication technology that uses
low power radio waves to connect electronic devices
wirelessly.
It allows users to talk and share information like
voice, music, and videos.
It establishes short-range communication between
phones, computers, and other network devices.
It mainly used for personal area networks with a
maximum transmission range of upto 240 meters
depending on the Bluetooth version in use.
This technology eliminates the use of cables and
adapters.
•INFRARED TECHNOLOGY

Infrared technology is a short range communication

technology that covers approximately 5 meters of
distance.

It is used to exchange information between computers,

cellular telephones, and faxes by emitting infrared waves
through infrared LEDs.
Infrared communication can take place only between two
devices at a time.
Infrared network signals cannot penetrate walls or other
obstructions and work only in a direct line of sight.
These waves or signals are focused into a narrow
beam through a plastic lens , which is further
converted into electronic signals by the receiver.

Remote control is the must common example of

infrared communication.
•Wi-Fi
WI-FI stands for wireless fidelity.

It creates a wireless local area network that uses radio

waves to send the information.

A secure , reliable and fast wireless connection is

established between the electronic devices and the
internet by using this technology .

The devices require a wireless adapter connected to

them to capture the Wi-Fi signals.
1) PERSONAL AREA NETWORK(PAN)

2) LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

3) CLUSTER AREA NETWORK(CAN)

4) METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

( MAN)

5) WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

1) PERSONAL AREA NETWORK(PAN)
PAN is a computer network that covers a small area
of about 10 meters .
It is used for communication among devices ,such as
laptops, mobile phones, PDA, or smart phones.
Personal area network can either be wired or
wireless .
You can use these networks to files including
e-mails, calendar appointments, digital photos, and
music.
2) LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
In LAN, two or more computers and peripheral
devices are connected within a small area, such as a
room or an office building.
In local area network, computer terminals are
physically connected with wires .
The data transmission speed is slow as compared to
WAN.
Since LAN is operated in a small area , it can be
controlled and administered by a single person or
an organisation.
3) CLUSTER AREA NETWORK (CAN)
CAN ,also known as campus area network , is a
network comprising a series of small LANs over a
small geographical area , such as a college
campus .
This network covers an area small than MAN.
4) METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

MAN is a larger network than LAN.

It is spread across a city. Since it covers an area of a few

hundred kilometers in a city , it is called
METROPOLITAN .

The most common example of MAN type network is the

cable television , branches of a local bank in a city,etc.
5) WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
This kind of network connects two or more
computers located at distant places.
They are linked by communication facilities, like
telecommunication or satellite signals.
The most common example of WAN type network
is the telecom system.
The usage of WAN is limited to very large
organisations and government agencies.
The main characteristic of WAN is that it requires
a public telecommunication media to transfer
data.
Networking terminology
1) INTERNET

The internet is a global wide area network that

connects computer systems across the world .

It provides a variety of information and

communication facilities.

It consists of interconnected networks which

communicate via standardized communication
protocols.
2) INTRANET
Intranet refers to a computer network within an
organization, used to share files and resources of the
organization securely.

The private information of an organization cannot be

accessed by any outside person as it is protected by a
firewall .

For example ,, the employees of an airlines are interlinked

with each other through the intranet so that they can access
and modify booking and flight data, but the same
information cannot be accessed by an outsider.
3)BANDWIDTH

Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be

transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
The bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per
second (bps) or bytes per second ,or in higher units,
like kilobytes per second (kbps) and megabytes per
second (Mbps).
4) INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
(ISP)

These are the organizations that provide internet

connection to users.
The facility is provided to the customer in exchange
for a fee.
Some common ISPs providing internet service in
India are BSNL, Airtel, Reliance, Sify, etc .
5)WEBSITE
A Website is a collection of related web pages
containing images, videos, or other digital media, A
website is identified by a same domain name,
which is the address of the website .
These pages are written in hypertext markup
language(HTML) and can be accessed via the
internet.
A website I hosted on a server on the world wide web.
Each website is owned and managed by an
individual , company, or organization.
5) WEB PORTAL
Conventionally, a portal means a gateway or entrance.

In the context of the world wide web, a portal can be

defined as a gateway to a wide range of internet services,
such as e-mails, search engines, e-commerce, etc.

A web portal is also a website, but with a huge breadth of

offering.
However , unlike a website, it does not contain
information on any topic, rather it suggests web pages to
the user to find the desired information .
Now – a- days, most of the search engine are acting as
web portals to presents information from diverse sources
in a unified way like Yahoo, MSN;etc.
6)WEB PAGE
A web page is written using HTML and is stored on a
web server.
It is a digital page which may contain text, hyperlink,
videos, audios, images, tables, etc.
Each web page is identified by a unique web address
called Uniform resource locator (URL).

7) HOMEPAGE
It is the first of a website .
It contains the main information about a website along
with links to the other parts of the website.
8) LINK
In data communication, a link is a line or channel
that connect two devices .
Data is transmitted between the connected devices
through this channel.
9) HYPERLINK
A hyperlink is an image, audio, video, graphics, or
text that connects one web page to another web page
to another web page, or to another section within the
same page.
10) HYPERTEXT
Hypertext is a text with a special feature of
linking to other documents or web pages.

It can be easily identified on a web page as it

appears with an underline and is usually in blue
colour.
1) MODEM
A modem enables you to connect your computer
to the available internet connection over the
existing telephones lines.

It converts the digital signals of a computer into

analog signals to enable their transmission via
phones lines .

At destination, the receiving modem further

converts the analog signal into digital signals so
that the data can be understood at the receiving end.
2) HUB
A hub is a networking device that is used to connect
multiple computers and computing devices directly to
the network by using cables.

Each connection is called a PORT.

The connections are established using a fiber optic

cable.

When the hub receives data at one of its parts , it

distributes the data to the other parts in the network.
Typically, a hub sends all the data it receives to all the
connected parts.
3) SWITCH
Switches contain many ports to connect different
network segments. They are similar to hubs , but offer
greater performance.

When a network contains a large number of devices,

switches are needed instead of hubs to maintain the
speed of the communication between devices.

Unlike, hub, a switch is aware of the addresses assigned to

each of its ports and sends the incoming data it
receives only to the intended port.
 4) REPEATER
A repeater is a communication device, used to
regenerate a signal . It receives electronic signals,
cleans them, and retransmits them.
Signals tend to distort when transmitted over long
distances. Repeaters are needed so that the
signals can travel longer distances with the same
strength or even at a higher power.
5) ROUTER
A router is a communication device that is used
to connect two LANs, or a LAN and a WAN.

It plays vital role in controlling the traffic and

keeping the network efficient.

It chooses the best route for the data packets to be

transmitted at the receivers end.
6) GATEWAY
A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance
to another using different protocols thereby giving us
freedom and convenience to enjoy online activities.
It allows us to carry out various online, activities, such
as sending e-mails, browsing through web pages, buying
things online, and more.
It is shared connection between a local area network
and a larger system, i.e., WAN.
It basically works as the messenger agent that takes
data from one system, interprets it, and transfers it to
another system . It is also called PACKET
CONVERTER.
7) BRIDGE
A bridge is a repeater with add -on functionally of
filtering content by reading the addresses of the
source and the destination.
It is used to interconnect two LANs working on the
same protocol and provide communication between
them.
It also prevents unnecessary traffic from entering
the network and reduces congestion.