CTC-275 Construction Methods: Intro & Earthwork

CTC-275 Construction
Methods
Intro & Earthwork
• Construction methods change when
– Materials change
• Why thatch roofs?
• Why teepees and long houses?
• How important where nails to building
– Equipment changes
• Horses to steam engines to today
• Erie Canal was dug with shovels and rock sleds
• Steam engines were stationary with belts going
from pulleys to the engine
House Construction
• What materials can be used to build a house
and what equipment is required
– Wood – hammers, saws, drills, squares
• Can also use engineered wood
• What has happened to lumber in last 100 years?
– Concrete – either cast in place, precast, or shotcrete
• Can be above ground or below
– Steel
– Stone
– Brick
– Adobe – only need forms
– Haybales
House Construction
• Wooden houses can be constructed using
three methods
– 1. Balloon Framing
– 2. Platform Frame
– 3. Modular – assembly line
Questions
• What made skyscrapers possible?
• How old is concrete and who first used it
• How old are nails?
Construction Order
• There is an order to all projects
– What activities get done first
– What activities need to be done in a specific
order
– What activities can be done at any point in
time
Construction Order
– Above ground Swimming pools
• Remove topsoil & level area 3’ larger that pool
diameter
• Rake soil to remove rocks and roots
• Layout bottom track
• Dump sand inside pool area
• Level track
• Layout wall parts
• Roll wall and put on J channel and top rail
• Bolt wall, attach skimmer
Construction Order
– Swimming pools
• Spread sand inside pool wall – rake & tamp
• Attach wall uprights
• Attach liner to J channel
• Use vacuum to suck liner to wall
• Plumb sand filter & pump together w/ skimmer &
return line
• Attach top coping
• Add water
• Cut out skimmer and return
Construction Order
• Buildings:
• Clear site
• Foundation work
• Framing & Siding
• Roofing
• Windows and Doors
• Siding
• Electrical - rough
• Plumbing - rough
• Insulation
• Wall finishes
Construction Order
• Buildings:
• Foundation slab
• HVAC
• Ceilings
• Electrical – finish
• Plumbing – finish
• Paint/wall coverings
• Flooring
• Landscaping
• Pavement
Construction Order
• How far along do you need to be before
starting next activity?
• On a house – probably one at a time
• On a 1 floor bldg – probably 1 activity at a
time but depends on size
• Skyscraper – 1 activity per floor
Construction Order
• Highways
• Centerline survey
• Clearing
• Bridge work
• Earthwork to get to bottom of subbase elevation
• Subbase placement
• Base placement
Construction Order
• Highways
• Drainage
• Utilities (lights etc)
• Pavement base course
• Pavement wearing course
• Side slope grading
• Guard rail
• Lights and signs
• Pavement Markings
Construction Order
• Move from one end of project to the other
with each activity
• Have multiple activities happening at any
time
• Surveying is a full time activity
Start at beginning
• Earthwork
– Moving rock or soil from one location to
another
– Processing it to meet location, elevation,
density moisture content, etc
– Efficient earthwork requires: accurate
estimating of work quantities and conditions,
proper equipment, competent job mangement
Equip Selection
• Proper equipment has major impact on
efficiency and profitablility
• Can equipment perform required work
• Also look at profitablility, other uses for
equipment, return on investment,
availability of parts and services, effect of
downtime on other construction equip
Equipment planning
• Need to plan to effectively use equipment
• Production of equipment
– Production = Volume per cycle/cycles per
hour
– Cycles per hour is based on efficiency of
equip
• Swing angle and elevation to truck bed
• Soil hardness and Soil type
• Room to manuever
Equipment planning
• Cost per production unit = equip cost per
working hour/equip production per hour
• Table 2-1 show efficiencies

Soil And Rock
• General Soil Characteristics
• Trafficability – ability of soil to support weight of
vehicles under repeated traffic
– Controls traffic on unimproved access roads
– Also gives measure of how earthmoving equip will
operate
– Primarily function of moisture conditions and soil type
• Loadability – how difficult to excavate and haul a
soil
– Granular – high
– Compact cohesive - low
Soil And Rock
• Unit Soil Weight
– Pounds /cy
– Depends on soil type, moisture content,
degree of compaction
– Relation between soil weight and bearing
capacity
• So soil weight is used as a measure of compaction
• Soil weight is also a factor in hauling
Soil And Rock
• Moisture Content(%) = (moist wt – dry
wt)/dry wt X 100
• Soil sample 120#

• Dry weight 100#
• MC = (120-100)/100X100 = 20%
Soil ID
• Boulders
• Cobbles – over 3” diameter
• Gravel 1/4” – 3” diameter
• Sand 0.7mm (200 sieve) – ¼” diameter
• Silt 0.002 – 0.7 mm
• Clay less than 0.002mm
• Organic Matter decaying organic matter
• Soils classified using these types
Soil Classification Systems
• Unified System
– All material 3’’+ removed
– Separates soils into two main groups- Fine grained
and coarse grained
– Table 2-2, Figure 2-1
• AASHTO System
– 7 classes of soil
– Based on suitability of soil for subgrade
– Table 2-3
– Table 2-4
Soil Volume Change
Characteristics
• Soil Conditions
– Bank – material in natural state before
disturbance – Bank cubic yard
– Loose – material that has been excavated or
loaded loose cubic yard
– Compacted – material after compaction
compacted cubic yard
Soil Volume Change
Characteristics
• Swell
– Soil increases in volume when it is excavated
• Soil grains are loosened and air fills voids
• So 1 unit of soil in bank is smaller than the soil
once it is excavated
• Swell(%) = ((weight/bank vol)/(weight/loose vol)-
1)X100
• Soil wt = 2800#/cy in bank
• Soil wt = 2000#/cy loose
• Swell = ((2800/2000)-1)X100 = 40%
Soil Volume Change
Characteristics
• Shrinkage
– Soil decreases in volume when it is
compacted
• Air is forced out of soil
• So 1 unit of soil compacted is smaller than the soil
in the bank or once it is excavated
• Shrinkage(%) = (1-(weight/bank
vol)/(weight/compacted vol))X100
• Soil wt = 2800#/cy in bank
• Soil wt = 3500#/cy compacted
• Shrinkage = (1-(2800/3500))X100 = 20%
Soil Volume Change
Characteristics
• Load and Shrinkage Factors
– Need a common unit of measure for earthwork (get
rid of calculations )
– Can use any of the three measures
• Called pay measure in contract
• Load factor = 1/(1+swell)
– How many BCY can fit on a truck
– LCY *Load Factor = BCY
• Shrinkage factor = 1- shrinkage
• How many BCY needed for CCY
• BCY * Shrinkage factor = CCY
Soil Volume Change
Characteristics
• How many 10cy truck loads of soil = 1000CCY ?
• Swell = 30%
• Shrinkage = 25%
• BCY = CCY/(1-shrinkage)
• LCY = BCY*(1+Swell)
• LCY = CCY/(1-shrinkage)*(1+swell)
• LCY = 1000/(0.75)*1.30 = 1735 LCY
• Truck loads = LCY/10 = 174 truck loads
Spoil Banks
• Material removed from excavation
– Longer than wide – spoil bank – triangular x
section
– Conical – spoil pile
– To determine the size of the bank or pile need
swell and angle of repose for soil
– Angle of repose = angle that soil on side of
bank naturally form
• Varies with moisture content and type
• Table 2-6
Spoil Banks
• Spoil bank
– Vol = X sect area x length
– B = (4V/(lx tan R))^1.2
– H = (B x tan R)/2
– B – base width
– H height
– L length
– R angle of repose
– V volume
Spoil Banks
• Spoil pile
– Vol = 1/3 p(D/2)^2 X H
– D = (7.64V/tan R)^1/3
– H = D/2 x tan R
– D – diameter of base
– H height
– R angle of repose
– V volume
– How long would a spoil bank for 40000 cy be
if it was 100’ wide? Angle of repose = 30 deg
– How high can a spoil pile 50’ in diameter be if

the angle of repose = 35 deg?
• How many cy can it hold?
Estimating earthwork
• 3 types of excavations
– Small pit
– Trench
– Large areas
• Roadways
– Find cut and fill using cross sections
– Mass diagram
Roadways
• Pit Excavations
– Area X average depth
– Depending on size and ground may break into
several geometric shapes to get volume
– Give bank volume
• Trench Excavations
– V = x sectional area X length
– Take x sections every 50 feet and compute
volumes between x sections
• When estimating don’t forget the angle of
repose and OSHA
• Large Areas
– Use a grid to find volume
– V = A*(average depth)
– For a rectangle
– V = (LxW)(h1+h2+h3+h4)/4(1/27) cy

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CTC-275 Construction

• Table 2-1 show efficiencies

• Soil sample 120#

– How high can a spoil pile 50’ in diameter be if

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