What, Why, and How?

GRAMMAR:
14 VERB TENSES
 Verb Tenses
Simple Tenses

Present
The present tense indicates that an action is taking place at the time you express it, or an action that occurs regularly.

-We wear organic cotton shirts [an action taking place when it is expressed].
- I watch the documentary on PBS each Sunday night [an action that occurs regularly].

Past
The past tense indicates that an action is completed and has already taken place.

- Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his most famous speech in 1963 [an action completed in the past].
- As a girl, she wondered how her college degree would help her career [an action that occurred
once or many times in the past but did not extend to the present].

Future
The future tense indicates that an action will or is likely to take place.
- Later today I will rinse the dishes [a future action that will definitely occur].
- The defendant probably will plead innocent [a future action that is likely to occur].
 Verb Tenses
Perfect Tenses
Perfect tenses designate actions that were or will be completed before other actions.You can form the perfect tenses
with the appropriate tense form of the helping, or auxiliary, verb have plus the past participle.

Present perfect
The present tense indicates that an action is taking place at the time you express it, or an action that occurs regularly.
- We have worn organic cotton shirts [an action that began in the past and is finished at the present].
- She has donated extensively to UNICEF [an action that began in the past and extends into the present].

Past perfect
The past perfect tense indicates an action occurring before a certain time in the past.
- By 1995, Doctor Harvey had built the first artificial brain.

Future perfect
The future perfect tense indicates that an action will be finished by a certain time.
- By Thursday, the President will have apologized for his mistake.
Progressive Tenses Verb Tenses
The progressive tenses express continuing action.You can form them with the appropriate tense of the verb be plus the present
participle.
Present progressive
The present progressive tense indicates that something is happening at the time you express it.
-The worker is hammering, and her foreman is watching lazily.
Past progressive
The past progressive tense indicates two kinds of past action.
- Poe’s writing was becoming increasingly bizarre and dark [a continuing action in the past].
- The mob tackled Jean-Luc Goddard while he was introducing the film [an action occurring
at the same time in the past as another action].
Future progressive
The future progressive tense indicates a continuing action in the future.
-The government will be monitoring the phones in the lab.
Present perfect progressive
The present perfect progressive tense indicates action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future. -The
teacher has been grading since yesterday afternoon.
Past perfect progressive
The past perfect progressive tense indicates that a past action went on until another occurred.
- Before her promotion, Nico had been working on restoring open space on campus.
Future perfect progressive
The future perfect progressive tense indicates that an action will continue until a certain future time.
- On Tuesday I will have been working on this paper for six weeks.
 Exercise 1 – Past Tense
PRACTICE Fill in each blank with the correct past tense form of the verb provided.

FRY 1. We ___________ the fish we caught in the lake.

STUDY 2. All of us ________________ hard for the physics exam.

CRY 3. Mary ______________ on his shoulder all through the movie.

MARRY 4. She _______________ him on Tuesday and played slots that night.

TRY 5. Fred ____________ to get in the concert by posing as a security guard.

SHOP 6. I _______________ for all of my birthday presents at the art fair.

ADMIT 7. No one __________________ that he was tired.

PLAN 8. Marty and Isabel ________________ their marriage simply and loosely.

TERRIFY 9. The fireworks __________________ the younger children.

(Pause)
 Exercise 1 – Past Tense
ANSWERS Fill in each blank with the correct past tense form of the verb provided.
 Exercise 2 – Simple Past Tense
PRACTICE
In each of the following sentences, underline any verbs that should
have –ed or –d endings and supply the missing letters. Watch for time
expressions (last week, yesterday, years ago) that indicate past time.

1. The driver ask for the exact fare last week.

2. Oliver use to live in Berkeley when he was a college student.

3. Katerina studied all the time and so she graduate from college last year.

4. College students are suppose to attend every class meeting.

5. Last Sunday, Laura listen to the drummers in the park.

6. Until I started school, I work twenty hours per week and study the rest of the time.

7. Finally Gayle’s cat return home.

8. Several years ago I witness a crime and identify the criminal.

(Pause)
 Exercise 2 – Past Tense
ANSWERS
In each of the following sentences, underline any verbs that should
have –ed or –d endings and supply the missing letters. Watch for time
expressions (last week, yesterday, years ago) that indicate past time.
 Exercise 3 – Perfect Tenses
PRACTICE Use the perfect tense to fill in the blank using the same
time period (past, present, future) as the sample.

1. Eric took piano lessons.

Eric ____________________ piano lessons since he was ten years old.
2. Tara raises as many children as she can.
Tara _______________ as many children as she can.
3. Bill, on the other hand, will join the Coast Guard.
Bill, on the other hand, ____________________ the Coast Guard.
4. Alyssa gives a drawing to each of her friends.
Alyssa ________________ a drawing to each of her friends.
5. Chickens pecked at bugs and fruit in the garden.
Chickens ____________________ at bugs and fruit in the garden.
6. Each egg will travel a thousand miles before it lands on her lap.
Each egg _____________________ a thousand miles before it lands on her lap.
7. The wings had plenty of room to spread.
The wings _____________ plenty of room to spread.
8. Madison collects the hay in the morning after breakfast.
(Pause)
Madison ____________________ the hay in the morning after breakfast.
 Exercise 3 – Perfect Tenses
ANSWERS Use the perfect tense to fill in the blank using the same
time period (past, present, future) as the sample.
 Exercise 4 – Progressive Tenses
PRACTICE In the following sentences, change the simple tense verbs to
progressive tense verbs using the same time period (present, past,
future). Avoid the perfect tense for this exercise.

1. Ferdinand scoffed when his friends all left for college.

Ferdinand __________________ when his friends all left for college.

2. He enjoys his flowers, vegetables and herbs.

He ______________________ his flowers, vegetables and herbs.

3. The pumpkins ripened too long last year.

The pumpkins ____________________ too long last year.

4. His friends will call at the next holiday or break.

His friends ________________________ at the next holiday or break.

5. Ferdinand answers the phone saying “What?”

Ferdinand ______________________ the phone saying “What?”

6. He screened his calls last week to avoid bill collectors.

He ____________________ his calls last week to avoid bill collectors.

7. His money goes under his mattress until he needs it.

His money ___________________ under his mattress until he needs it.

8. He will go fishing next week if he gets his license.

He _______________________ next week if he gets his license. (Pause)
 Exercise 4 – Progressive Tenses
ANSWERS In the following sentences, change the simple tense verbs to
progressive tense verbs using the same time period (present, past,
future). Avoid the perfect tense for this exercise.
 that concludes

GRAMMAR:
14 VERB TENSES