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87-351 Lecture 11 Notes

This document introduces the Hardy Cross method for analyzing pipe networks. It explains that the Hardy Cross method allows engineers to analyze pipe networks by hand in order to check results from computational techniques. The document outlines the key steps of the Hardy Cross method, which include making initial flow assumptions, ensuring continuity at nodes, computing head losses, summing losses in loops, and applying a flow rate correction term to converge on the proper solution. It then derives the equation for the flow rate correction term used in the Hardy Cross method.

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Amritpal Gill
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66 views10 pages

87-351 Lecture 11 Notes

This document introduces the Hardy Cross method for analyzing pipe networks. It explains that the Hardy Cross method allows engineers to analyze pipe networks by hand in order to check results from computational techniques. The document outlines the key steps of the Hardy Cross method, which include making initial flow assumptions, ensuring continuity at nodes, computing head losses, summing losses in loops, and applying a flow rate correction term to converge on the proper solution. It then derives the equation for the flow rate correction term used in the Hardy Cross method.

Uploaded by

Amritpal Gill
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD

[ physical interpretation: what are we doing today? ]

 Virtually any collection of connected pipes can be considered a network


 Network analysis allows us to determine pressure drops, and flow rates within
individual pipes and the network as a whole
 Today’s practising fluids engineer would use software to perform network analysis, but,
software and improper boundary conditions can often produce spurious results

 It is therefore essential that we examine a technique to analyze networks “by hand” such
that we can check the results of computational techniques

87-351 Fluid Mechanics


PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ the essence of the Hardy Cross method
]

 (a) The first step in the Hardy Cross method is the


assumption of initial flow in each pipe
 (b) It is essential that continuity is satisfied at each node
 (c) Then we compute the head loss through each pipe (via
Hazen Williams formula for head loss)

87-351 Fluid Mechanics


PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ the essence of the Hardy Cross method
]

 (d) Next, the head losses in each loop are summed, paying
heed to the sign convention
 (e) We recall that head loss between two joints is the same for
each branch connecting the joints
 (f) The algebraic sum of losses in each loop must equal
zero for the flow rates within the pipes to be correct, thus
once the head loss sum in a loop is zero, the assumed flow
rates are deemed correct and the problem has converged

87-351 Fluid Mechanics


PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ the essence of the Hardy Cross method
]

 Our estimated initial distribution of flows is rarely correct,


however with the application of the HC flow rate correction
term, D, we can converge on a proper solution
D = - S(LH)/nS(LH/Qo) - [1]
 here,

D = flow rate correction for a loop


S(LH) = algebraic sum of head I
losses for all pipes in the loop
n = an empirical constant that
varies with the flow rate formula
used (n=1.85 for Hazen Williams)
S(LH/Qo) = summation of lost
head divided by the flow rate for
each pipe in the loop

87-351 Fluid Mechanics


PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ deriving Hardy Cross ]

 Let us consider the simple network shown below

 We know that in the loop, the losses in parallel branches must be the same
i.e., LHABC = LHADC or LHABC – LHADC = 0 - [2]
 In order for us to use the relationship we write it in the form (work of HC)

LH = kQn - [3]
87-351 Fluid Mechanics
PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ deriving Hardy Cross ]

 For Hazen Williams n=1.85, thus


LH = kQ1.85 - [4]

 Now, if we assume an initial flow Qo, we can express the


correct flow as our guess plus a correction
Q = Qo + D - [5]

87-351 Fluid Mechanics


PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ deriving Hardy Cross ]

 Now, if we invoke the binomial theorem, we can write


kQ1.85 = k(Qo+D)1.85 = k(Qo1.85 + 1.85Qo(1.85-1) ·D + …) - [6]

 We can stop the expansion after the second term, following


terms become negligible as delta is very small compared to Qo

87-351 Fluid Mechanics


PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ deriving Hardy Cross ]

 Now, let’s re-write [2], subbing in our binomial expression


k(Qo1.85 + 1.85Qo(0.85) ·D) - k(Qo′ 1.85 + 1.85Qo′ (0.85) ·D) = 0 - [7]

 or
k(Qo1.85 - Qo′ 1.85) + 1.85 k (Qo(0.85) - Qo′ (0.85)) ·D = 0 - [8]

87-351 Fluid Mechanics


PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ deriving Hardy Cross ]

 Solve for D
D = k(Qo1.85 - Qo′ 1.85) / (1.85 k (Qo(0.85) - Qo′ (0.85))) = 0 - [9]

 or, more compactly


D = Sk(Qo1.85) / (1.85 Sk (Qo(0.85))) = 0- [10]

87-351 Fluid Mechanics


PIPE NETWORKS AND THE HARDY CROSS METHOD
[ deriving Hardy Cross ]

 But we recall that kQo1.85 = LH and kQo0.85 = LH/Qo


 so we rewrite [10]
as
D = S(LH) / (1.85 S (LH/Qo)) - [11]
 this correction is done for each loop in
the network
87-351 Fluid Mechanics

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