Basic Principles of Pharmacology

Pharmacology-I
Pharmacology
• DRUG: Any chemical substance used in diagnosis, prevention
or treatment of a disease.
• PHARMACOLOGY: Science that deals with the study of drugs

and their interaction with the living system.
branches
• Pharmacoepidemiology-
Studying effect of drugs on populations
• Pharmacoeconomics-
Study of cost effectiveness of drug treatment, medication cost is
a prime concern nowadays specially in major diseases like cancer
and AIDS
• Chemotherapy-
Branch of pharma that deals with drugs used against microbes,
other than that drugs used in malignancy are also discussed
• Pharmacognosy-
Science of drug identification.
• TOXICOLOGY:
Deals with harmful effects of drugs.
Pharmacogenetics:
• Branch of pharmacology dealing with the genetic variations
that cause difference in drug response among individuals or
population.
• Example includes succinyl choline which is a skeletal muscle
relaxant used in general anasthesia. It is metabolized by
pseudocholine esterase and has short duration of action. The
presence of enzyme is determined by the gene and lack of this
is recessively inherited. This may lead to respiratory paralysis,
apnea and death.
Posology:
• Posology deals with the dosage of drugs. Example includes
paracetamol given as one tablet of 500mg thrice a day
• Comparative Pharmacology:
Branch of pharmacology dealing with the comparison of one drug
to another belonging to the same or another group.
• Animal Pharmacology:
• Animal pharmacology deals with the different properties of
drugs in animals.
Sources of drugs
1. Plant
2. Synthetic
3. Animal
4. Minerals
5. Microbes
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
* Division of pharmacology
* Drug therapy and basic concept
* Nomenclature
* Drug safety
* Pharmaco kinetics
* Drug absorption
DIVISION OF
PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC: Use of specific drugs to prevent, treat
or diagnose a disease. i.e application of pharma in clinical
condition.
1.PHARMACOKINETICS:
2.PHARMACODYNAMICS:
1.PHARMACOKINETICS: Sub group of pharmacotherapeutic
dealing with effects of body on drugs absorption, distribution ,
metabolism and elimination.
2.PHARMACODYNAMICS: Subgroup of pharmacotherapeutic

dealing with effects of drug on body.
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
DEFINITION: System of naming drugs.
CHEMICAL NAME: According to chemical structure of drugs.
GENERIC NAME( Non-proprietary): Derived from chemical name

and is relatively short.
TRADE NAME(BRAND NAME): Used for prescribing drugs.

BASIC CONCEPTS IN DRUG
THERAPY
DOSE: Amount of drug required to get therapeutic effect.
POTENCY: Term used to compare two drugs when therapeutic

response has to be observed in relation to dosage.
Difference between dose and dosage
Dose: Total amount of a medicine taken each

time by an individual (e.g., mg).
Dosage: The amount of a medicine given to an

individual per unit body weight (e.g., mg/kg)
the determination and regulation of the size,
frequency, and number of doses.
THERAPEUTIC INDEX(TI): It is ratio of LD50 to ED50.
Higher the therapeutic index safer will be the drug.
Blood monitoring of drugs is required for those drugs having low

therapeutic index.
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
Usually two
• 1- ENTERAL: Through gastrointestinal tract.
• 2- PARENTERAL: Other than gastrointestinal tract.
• Others
Topical, inhalation
ENTERAL
oral, sublingual and rectal
ORAL: Most commonly used

ADVANTAGES:
Easy, Safe, Convenient, non.invasive
Absorb in small intestine, and safe as it does not increase plasma
drug level.
DISADVANTAGES:
First pass reaction, slow absorbtion, GIT irritation , cant be given in
unconsious,
SUBLINGUAL AND BUCCAL: Under tongue and between cheeks
and teeth.
ADVANTAGES:
Rapid onset.
Not subject to first pass reaction.
RECTAL: In form of suppositories.
ADVANTAGES:
Unconscious / vomiting
DISADVANTAGES:
Irritation of rectal mucosa.
PAR-ENTRAL ROUTE
INHALATIONAL ROUTE: Volatile gaseous drugs.

ADVANTAGES:
Large surface for drug absorption.
Direct application for respiratory disorders.
DISADVANTAGES:
Irritation of respiratory tract.
Entrapment of drug substances in mucosa/cilia.
INJECTIONS
INTRA VENOUS into peripheral vein to peripheral

circulation
i.v canula
INTRA ARTERIAL e.g. chemotherapy, radioopaque
dyes
SUBCUTANEAOUS e.g insulin injections
INTRATHECAL(via sheath) e.g. spinal arachnoid
space, anti-biotics to BBB.
ADVANTAGES:
Can be used in emergency.
Rapid onset.
No first pass reaction.
DISADVANTAGES:
Chances of infection.
TOPICAL: Applied to skin/mucosa
ADVANTAGES:
Local skin conditions.
Nasal spray/ eye mucosa drops.
DISADVANTAGES:
No systemic effects.
IONTOPHORESIS: Absorption of drug from skin through electric
current.
Ionization of salicylic acid from sodium salicylate is a common
example.
PHONOPHORESIS: Absorption of drugs through ultrasonotherapy.
PHARMACOKINETICS
• Absorption- transport from site of administration
• Distribution- transport to sites of action
• Metabolism- biotransformation of drug in various systems
• Excretion- elimination
DRUG ABSORPTION
Rate of absorption determines duration of action

Through different processes
BIOAVAILIBILITY: The amount of drug that is

available in systemic circulation.
.
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION:
Lipid bilayer with outer region hydrophilic and inner
hydrophobic .
This quality is important for fat soluble substances. Proteins in
cell membrane act as channels for ionic and water soluble drugs.
Simple passive diffusion
Active transport
Carrier mediated transport- facilitated and exchange diffusion
DISTRIBUTION OF DRUGS
FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION
TISSUE PERMEABILITY
BLOOD FLOW
BINDINGS TO PLASMA PROTEINS
VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION
It is the ratio of drug administered to concentration of drug in plasma. Tell
about tissue localization of drug
For aspirin it is 11litres
BBB-
between brain parenchyma and circulation
Less permeable to water soluble substances
e.g, dopamine, adrenaline
Placental transfer
Morphine, anti-thyroids, anti cancers, oral contraceptives, oral anti coagulants
and alcohol
Plasma protein Binding;
Greater amount means drug has prolong action e.g warfarin 98%
Excretion
• Clearance
• Plasma half life
Thank you

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What are the different routes of drug administration?

What are the different routes of drug administration?

What factors affect drug distribution in the body?

What factors affect drug distribution in the body?

Pharmacology-I

• PHARMACOLOGY: Science that deals with the study of drugs

2.PHARMACODYNAMICS: Subgroup of pharmacotherapeutic

CHEMICAL NAME: According to chemical structure of drugs.

GENERIC NAME( Non-proprietary): Derived from chemical name

TRADE NAME(BRAND NAME): Used for prescribing drugs.

DOSE: Amount of drug required to get therapeutic effect.

POTENCY: Term used to compare two drugs when therapeutic

Dose: Total amount of a medicine taken each

Dosage: The amount of a medicine given to an

Higher the therapeutic index safer will be the drug.

Blood monitoring of drugs is required for those drugs having low

ORAL: Most commonly used

INHALATIONAL ROUTE: Volatile gaseous drugs.

INTRA VENOUS into peripheral vein to peripheral

Rate of absorption determines duration of action

BIOAVAILIBILITY: The amount of drug that is

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