UNIT 4 New
UNIT 4 New
4
STATIC RELAYS &
NUMERICAL PROTECTION
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UNIT-4 Syllabus STATIC RELAYS &
NUMERICAL PROTECTION
• Static relays
• Phase, Amplitude Comparators
• Synthesis of various relays using Static comparators
• Block diagram of Numerical relays
• Overcurrent protection
• Transformer differential protection
• Distant protection of transmission lines.
Static Relay
Refer Book for Detail Study
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• The static relay is the next generation relay after
electromechanical type.
• The Solid Static relays was first introduced in 1960’s.
The term ‘static’ implies that the relay has no
moving mechanical parts in it.
• Compared to the Electromechanical Relay, the Solid
Static relay has longer life-span, decreased
noise when operates and faster respond speed.
• The static relays have been designed to replace
almost all the functions which were being achieved
earlier by electromechanical relays.
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Principle of operation
• The essential components of static relays are shown in figure below.
The output of CT and PT are not suitable for static components so
they are brought down to suitable level by auxiliary CT and PT.
Then auxiliary CT output is given to rectifier.
• Rectifier rectifies the relaying quantity i.e., the output from a CT or
PT or a Transducer.
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• The rectified output is supplied to a measuring
unit comprising of comparators, level detectors,
filters, logic circuits.
• The output is actuated when the dynamic input
(i.e., the relaying quantity) attains the threshold
value. This output of the measuring unit is
amplified by amplifier and fed to the output unit
device, which is usually an electromagnetic one.
• The output unit energizes the trip coil only when
relay operates.
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Advantages of Solid State Relay
• Low Weight
• Arc less switching
• Static Relay burden is less than electromagnetic type
of relays. Hence error is less.
• Fast response.
• Long life
• Less power consumption
• More Accurate compared to electromechanical Relay
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Disadvantages
1.Reliability cannot be predicted
2.Construction is not very robust.
3.Easily affected by surrounding interference.
4.Auxiliarty DC supply is required
5,.Affected by voltage transients.
Applications
1.Ultra high speed protection of EHV AC transmission lines
utilizing distance protection.
2.In over current and earth fault protection schemes
3.As main element in differential relay
NUMERICAL
RELAY
Refer Book for Detail Study
Fundamental requirements of numerical
relay
• SPEED
• SENSITIVITY
• RELIABILITY
• SELECTIVITY
• SIMPLICITY
• ECONOMY
TYPICAL NUMERICAL RELAY HARDWARE
A
VA G N S MU
A T A LTI ADC MICRO
L I M PLE PROCESSO
VB V A P XER R
A L L E
VC N I E
I S &
C I H
I N O
IA S G L ROM RAM E2 PROM
O F D
L I C
IB A L K
T T T
I E
IC
O R
DIGITA KEYBOAR COMM
N S
L I/O D& UNICAT
OPTO DISPLAY ION
REED
CB STATUS ISOLATO CB TRIP
REALY
R
RELAY HARDWARE
STRUCTURE
• GALVANIC ISOLATION MODULE :
CONVERTS CURRENT SIGNAL TO VOLTAGE &
ELECTRICALLY ISOLATES THE SIGNAL BETWEEN
DIGITAL & ANALOGUE CIRCUIT.
• ANTIALIAS FILTERS :
SAMPLING FREQUENCY SHOULD BE MORE THAN
TWICE THAT OF HIGHEST FREQUENCY OF INTEREST.
• A/D CONVERTER:
CONVERTS TO DIGITAL SIGNALS FOR HANDLING IN
MICROPROCESSOR.
• MICROPROCESSOR :
DIGITAL SIGNAL HANDLED FOR ALGORITHMS &
SCHEME LOGIC FUNCTION.
• ROM :
CONTAINS THE RELAYING PROGRAMME
• RAM :
USED FOR STORING SAMPLED QUANTITIES &
INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS IN RELAYING
ALGORITHMS.
• E2PROM :
USED FOR STORING RELAY SETTINGS.
• DIGITAL I/O :
Device takes the breaker status through opto
isolators & issues trip commands through reed
relays.
• COMMUNICATION :
Helps to communicate with other relays or
with the system.
• POWER SUPPLY :
In built switching mode power supply
modules are used for quality aux. supply.
Advantages of numerical
relay
• Flexibility in wide parameter adjustment.
• Programmable function setting
• Multiple functions by the same relay
• Internal fault diagnosis.
• Memory & recording function
• Programmable ct & pt ratio
• Digitally communication facility
Disadvantages of
numerical relays
• High initial cost
• Requires stable power supply.
• If used for multifunction in a single feeder, failure of
relay may cause total protection failure for the
equipment.
• Requires emc environment.
Applications
• Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in
some types of modems or audio amplifiers,
INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:
Differential protection is a unit-type protection for a
specified zone or piece of equipment. It is based on the fact
that it is only in the case of faults internal to the zone that the
differential current (difference between input and output
currents) will be high. However, the differential current can
sometimes be substantial even without an internal fault. This
is due to certain characteristics of current transformers
(different saturation levels, nonlinearities) measuring the
input and output currents, and of the power transformer being
protected.
It is based on the fact that any fault within an electrical
equipment would cause the current entering it to be different
from the current leaving it.
By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in
phase or in both, fault can be determined.
Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer
WORKING:
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Numerical Relay Protection Of
Transformer
COMPONENTS USED:
Potential transformer(24/230v, 1A)
Current transformer
Auto transformer (0 to 270v)
Data acquisition (DAQ USB-6009)
Resistive load (15w bulb -2, 60w bulb -1)
Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer
RESULTS:
When ever the fault occured on transformer the
relay will trip.
Numerical relay protection is a very fast acting,when
comparing with other protection schemes.
The output results are shown in figures.
Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer
ADVANTAGES:
1.It is the simplest form of transformer protection.
2.It detects the incipient faults at a stage much earlier than is
possible with other forms of protection.
DISADVANTAGES:
3.It can only be the used with oil immersed transformer
equipped with conservator tanks.
4.The device can detect only faults below oil level in the
transformer. Therefore, separate protection is needed for
connecting cables.
CONCLUSION:
Relay control output circuits of a much higher power.
Safety is increased.
Protective relays are essential for keeping faults in the system
isolated and keep equipment from being damage.
Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer
SCOPE:
This project aimed at providing protection to the transformer
from numerical relay. This project can be used for many faults
which are sensed by current.
For overload protection of transformers this project is to be
modified by using numerical relay. The actual operating
current of transformer is monitored continuously and that
is compared with the safe value of current limit.
This project not only provides overload protection but also
provides different charecteristics protection of transformer
protection over wide range of faults whose presence can be
known by numerical relay.
Distant protection
of transmission
lines
Refer Book