UNIT

4
STATIC RELAYS &
NUMERICAL PROTECTION

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 UNIT-4 Syllabus STATIC RELAYS &
NUMERICAL PROTECTION
• Static relays
• Phase, Amplitude Comparators
• Synthesis of various relays using Static comparators
• Block diagram of Numerical relays
• Overcurrent protection
• Transformer differential protection
• Distant protection of transmission lines.
Static Relay
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• The static relay is the next generation relay after
electromechanical type.
• The Solid Static relays was first introduced in 1960’s.
The term ‘static’ implies that the relay has no
moving mechanical parts in it.
• Compared to the Electromechanical Relay, the Solid
Static relay has longer life-span, decreased
noise when operates and faster respond speed.
• The static relays have been designed to replace
almost all the functions which were being achieved
earlier by electromechanical relays.

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 Principle of operation
• The essential components of static relays are shown in figure below.
The output of CT and PT are not suitable for static components so
they are brought down to suitable level by auxiliary CT and PT.
Then auxiliary CT output is given to rectifier.
• Rectifier rectifies the relaying quantity i.e., the output from a CT or
PT or a Transducer.

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• The rectified output is supplied to a measuring
unit comprising of comparators, level detectors,
filters, logic circuits.
• The output is actuated when the dynamic input
(i.e., the relaying quantity) attains the threshold
value. This output of the measuring unit is
amplified by amplifier and fed to the output unit
device, which is usually an electromagnetic one.
• The output unit energizes the trip coil only when
relay operates.

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 Advantages of Solid State Relay
• Low Weight
• Arc less switching
• Static Relay burden is less than electromagnetic type
of relays. Hence error is less.
• Fast response.
• Long life
• Less power consumption
• More Accurate compared to electromechanical Relay

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Disadvantages
1.Reliability cannot be predicted
2.Construction is not very robust.
3.Easily affected by surrounding interference.
4.Auxiliarty DC supply is required
5,.Affected by voltage transients.
Applications
1.Ultra high speed protection of EHV AC transmission lines
utilizing distance protection.
2.In over current and earth fault protection schemes
3.As main element in differential relay
NUMERICAL
RELAY
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Fundamental requirements of numerical
relay

• SPEED
• SENSITIVITY
• RELIABILITY
• SELECTIVITY
• SIMPLICITY
• ECONOMY
 TYPICAL NUMERICAL RELAY HARDWARE

A
VA G N S MU
A T A LTI ADC MICRO
L I M PLE PROCESSO
VB V A P XER R
A L L E
VC N I E
I S &
C I H
I N O
IA S G L ROM RAM E2 PROM
O F D
L I C
IB A L K
T T T
I E
IC
O R
DIGITA KEYBOAR COMM
N S
L I/O D& UNICAT
OPTO DISPLAY ION
REED
CB STATUS ISOLATO CB TRIP
REALY
R
 RELAY HARDWARE
STRUCTURE
• GALVANIC ISOLATION MODULE :
CONVERTS CURRENT SIGNAL TO VOLTAGE &
ELECTRICALLY ISOLATES THE SIGNAL BETWEEN
DIGITAL & ANALOGUE CIRCUIT.

• ANTIALIAS FILTERS :
SAMPLING FREQUENCY SHOULD BE MORE THAN
TWICE THAT OF HIGHEST FREQUENCY OF INTEREST.

• SAMPLE & HOLD CIRCUIT :

ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERSATION REQUIRES
SOME FINITE TIME(25µS). THIS CKT HOLDS THE SIGNAL
FOR PROPER CONVERSATION.
• MULTIPLEXER :
USES A SINGLE MICROPROCESSOR ANALOGUE
MULTIPLEXER FOR SEQUENTIAL SELECTION OF
SIGNALS

• A/D CONVERTER:
CONVERTS TO DIGITAL SIGNALS FOR HANDLING IN
MICROPROCESSOR.

• MICROPROCESSOR :
DIGITAL SIGNAL HANDLED FOR ALGORITHMS &
SCHEME LOGIC FUNCTION.

• ROM :
CONTAINS THE RELAYING PROGRAMME
• RAM :
USED FOR STORING SAMPLED QUANTITIES &
INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS IN RELAYING
ALGORITHMS.

• E2PROM :
USED FOR STORING RELAY SETTINGS.

• KEYBOARD & DISPLAY :

Used for change in settings & display functions.

• DIGITAL I/O :
Device takes the breaker status through opto
isolators & issues trip commands through reed
relays.
• COMMUNICATION :
Helps to communicate with other relays or
with the system.

• POWER SUPPLY :
In built switching mode power supply
modules are used for quality aux. supply.
Advantages of numerical
relay
• Flexibility in wide parameter adjustment.
• Programmable function setting
• Multiple functions by the same relay
• Internal fault diagnosis.
• Memory & recording function
• Programmable ct & pt ratio
• Digitally communication facility
 Disadvantages of
numerical relays
• High initial cost
• Requires stable power supply.
• If used for multifunction in a single feeder, failure of
relay may cause total protection failure for the
equipment.
• Requires emc environment.
 Applications
• Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in
some types of modems or audio amplifiers,

• Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in

the starter solenoid of an automobile

• Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines

by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays)
 CONCLUSION
Numerical relays need to be incorporated in the
design stage of the plant which will help to
 reduce the panel size.
 Panel wiring cost.
 Population of relays in the plant.
 Meet space constraints.
 Reduce the quantum of spares.
Comparisons of Different type of Relays

Characteristic Electro- Static Micro- Micro- Numerical

mechanical processor Controller
based based
Speed of response Slow Fast Fast Fast Very Fast
Timing Accuracy Temp. Temp. Stable Stable Stable
Dependant Dependant
Size Bulky Small Small Small Very Compact
Draw-out required Required Required Not required Not required Not required
CT Burden High Low Low Low Low
Reset Time Very High Less Less Less Less
Functions Single Single Multi Multi Multi
function function function function function
Maintenance Frequent Frequent Low Low Very Low
Deterioration due to Yes No No No No
frequent operations
Reliability High Low Low High High
SCADA Compatibility No No Possible Possible Yes
Transformer differential
protection
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 Refer Book
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Differential protection Refer Book
 Refer Book
Differential protection application
Refer Book
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 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

INTRODUCTION

 Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the

power system. Due to the long lead time for repair and
replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer
protection is limiting the damage to a faulted transformer.
 Numerical relay protection of transformer is an advanced method
of protection.
 The main aim of this project is to protect the transformer from the
faulty conditions with in a short span of time.
 The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on
the application of the transformer.
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:
 Differential protection is a unit-type protection for a
specified zone or piece of equipment. It is based on the fact
that it is only in the case of faults internal to the zone that the
differential current (difference between input and output
currents) will be high. However, the differential current can
sometimes be substantial even without an internal fault. This
is due to certain characteristics of current transformers
(different saturation levels, nonlinearities) measuring the
input and output currents, and of the power transformer being
protected.
 It is based on the fact that any fault within an electrical
equipment would cause the current entering it to be different
from the current leaving it.
 By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in
phase or in both, fault can be determined.
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

NEED FOR PROTECTION:

 Transformer is an extream device in power system which

has 99.99% of efficiency. Improved power transformer
protection using numerical relays, Large power
transformers belong to a class of very expensive and vital
components in electric power systems.
 If a power transformer experiences a fault, it is necessary
to take the transformer out of service as soon as possible so
that the damage is minimized.
 The costs associated with repairing a damaged transformer
may be very high. So there is a necessity of protection of
transformer.
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

NEED FOR PROTECTION:

 Here in this project numerical Relay (
Microprocessor Relay) plays a vital role to protect the
large rating of power transformers.
Fault detection and correction is necessary for the
safe operation of transformer.
Protection of large power transformers is perhaps the
most challenging problem in the power system
relaying.
Here we are using numerical relay for the protection
of Power Transformer.
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

WORKING:

OVER LOADING PROTECTION:

 Initially the transformer is operated under normal
condition the relay operation is absent.
 The transformer has a maximum safe current rating
value for certain load, if the load is increased on the
transformer then the load current is also increased.
 If the load current is exceeds the maximum rated
current of the transformer then the relay will operate
and the transformer is isolate from the main supply.
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:

At normal operating condition the differential currents of

CTs is zero. So here in this case the differential relay will
not operate. As we know that the differential relay is
operate only for internal fault condition.
If the fault occurred in internal zone(between transformer
and CTs) then a differential current flows in the relay, the
relay is tripped and isolate the transformer from the mains.
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
 Numerical Relay Protection Of
Transformer
COMPONENTS USED:
 Potential transformer(24/230v, 1A)
 Current transformer
 Auto transformer (0 to 270v)
 Data acquisition (DAQ USB-6009)
 Resistive load (15w bulb -2, 60w bulb -1)
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

 RESULTS:
 When ever the fault occured on transformer the
relay will trip.
 Numerical relay protection is a very fast acting,when
comparing with other protection schemes.
 The output results are shown in figures.
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

Normal operating condition

 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

Over loading condition

Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

Before internal fault

 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

Internal fault condition

Internal fault condition

 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

ADVANTAGES:
1.It is the simplest form of transformer protection.
2.It detects the incipient faults at a stage much earlier than is
possible with other forms of protection.
DISADVANTAGES:
3.It can only be the used with oil immersed transformer
equipped with conservator tanks.
4.The device can detect only faults below oil level in the
transformer. Therefore, separate protection is needed for
connecting cables.
CONCLUSION:
Relay control output circuits of a much higher power.
 Safety is increased.
 Protective relays are essential for keeping faults in the system
isolated and keep equipment from being damage.
 Numerical Relay Protection Of Transformer

 SCOPE:
 This project aimed at providing protection to the transformer
from numerical relay. This project can be used for many faults
which are sensed by current.
 For overload protection of transformers this project is to be
modified by using numerical relay. The actual operating
current of transformer is monitored continuously and that
is compared with the safe value of current limit.
 This project not only provides overload protection but also
provides different charecteristics protection of transformer
protection over wide range of faults whose presence can be
known by numerical relay.
Distant protection
of transmission
lines
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