SPORTS

Types of Sports
Sports is an activity that
requires physical actions
and skills where individuals
or teams compete under a
set of rules. It is classified
into individual, dual, or
team sports.
 Individual Sports are
played by one
participants on each
competing side, Dual
sports are played by two
competing pairs, while
Team sports are played
with three or more
players.
 Some of the popular
individual and dual games
include badminton, bowling
boxing, lawn tennis, track
and field, table tennis,
skating, swimming, and
beach volleyball. Team
sports include basketball,
football, softball, and
volleyball.
 However there are some
individual and dual sports
that can be played in
teams, depending on the
tournament and
sponsoring sports
organization. Some sports
can be also be played
indoors, outdoors or both.
 SPORT INDIVIDUAL DUAL TEAM
Badminton
Basketball
Bowling
Boxing
Football
Lawn Tennis
Track and Field
Table Tennis
Skating
Softball
Swimming
Volleyball
Volleyball
 SPORT INDIVIDUAL DUAL TEAM

Badminton
Basketball
Bowling
Boxing
Football
Lawn Tennis
Track and Field

Table Tennis
Skating
Softball
Swimming
Volleyball
Volleyball
(beach)
It is necessary to learn the
basic of each sport in order
to properly play the game.
Nonetheless, understanding
how the game is played is
most essential. In
whichever sports, the
benefits of participating in
a physical activity is the
most significant.
 WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE OF
INDIVIDUAL/DUAL
SPORTS VS. TEAM
SPORTS?
Individual sports foster
a higher amount of
discipline, self-
confidence, focus, and
passion. The individual
player is solely
responsible for winning
or losing; succeeding or
failing.
 In team sports, many
variables are considered to
determined the success or
failure of the team. Although
individual qualities and skills
are helpful, performance will
not rely on a single talent. A
team’s performance or
success depends on the
collective effort of all its
players.
 What does one need to know
in playing sports?
Individual sport relies on the
individual while team sports
rely on teammates. In playing
any type of sports, it is
important to have focus, clear
understanding of the game,
and work ethics in mastering
the skills.
Some of the important
aspects to consider in
learning a sport are:
1. History - the
inventor of the sport,
country of origin, and
the development of
the game.
2. Court
Dimension/Venue -
where the games are
played (indoor, outdoor,
or both) size, different
designs for male or
female and safety
3. Equipment and
Gear – proper
protective gears,
uniforms and outfits
which also involve
safety of players and
the officials
4. Technical and Tactical
Skills – technical skills
are the basics of playing
the game (e.g., basketball –
dribble, shoot, pass) while
tactical skills are the
strategies to take
advantage during the
game.
5. Rules of the Game
– set of rules on how
the game is played,
violations, penalties,
how to score points,
how many players are
allowed, etc.
6. Officiating -
officials of the game,
their duties and
responsibilities of
calling for violations,
penalties, points, etc.
and regulating fair
play.
The following are examples of the basics
in playing different individual/dual and
team sport:
Individual Sport
TABLE TENNIS
1. Grip
-Shakehand Grip
-Penhold Grip
2. Ready Position
3. Forehand and Backhand
4. Basic Hitting
5. Topspin Serve
6. Basic Position, Forehand and Backhand
Drive
7. Forehand and Backhand Push
BADMINTON
1. Grip
-Handshake Grip (Forehand and
Backhand)
2. Ready Position and Footwork
3. Serve (long /short sevre)
4. Forehand and Backhand
Overhead Stroke
5. Forehand and Backhand Clear
6. Forehand and Backhand Drop
7. Forehand and Backhand Smash
8. Forehand and Backhand Drive
BASKETBALL
1. Footwork
2. Pivoting
3. Catching the Ball
4. Dribbling
5. Passing
6. Shooting
7. Rebounding
VOLLEYBALL
1. Stance (ready position of
the body and foot)
2. Service (underhand,
sidearm, and overhand
serve)
3. Tossing (underhand and
overhand or finger toss)
4. Passing/receiving
(forehand pass,
overhand, and dig
pass)
5. Attacking
6. Blocking
7. Defensive Skill
(rolling/sliding)
 TECHNICAL SKILLS
• Technical skills are “the specific procedures to
move one’s body to perform the task that needs
to be accomplished” (Martens, Successful
Coaching, p. 169). The execution of technical
skills, the capability to teach athletes how to
perform them, the flair to detect errors and
correct them and the ability to recognize when
those skills come into play in a game are all
things that you will develop over time with the
accumulation of experience.
 TACTICAL SKILLS
• Tactical skills can best be defined as “the
decisions and actions of players in the
contest to gain an advantage over the
opposing team or players”
(Martens, Successful Coaching, p. 170). One
way that coaches can approach teaching
tactical skills is by focusing on three critical
aspects, the “tactical triangle”:
 BASIS OF SPORTS TRAINING
• All activities which are part of human behavior
were subject to a long-term development. Let us
take throwing, which is regarded a basic motor
activity, as an example. In the deep past,
throwing was necessary for feeding and
defense. At present, throwing has lost its
importance as one of the above mentioned
activities but it is involved in different sports to a
great extent (e.g. athletics, handball, baseball,
etc.).
•The task of a prehistoric hunter
was to hit the target precisely to
get food. The aim of a present-
day athlete is to throw the
javelin as far as possible. The
result of the activity in both
examples can be considered a
performance.
• Performance is understood as an extent to
which motor task is accomplished. With the
prehistoric hunter, performance is evaluated
dichotomically: hitting the target or missing and
it is not restricted by any rules. In the case of the
athlete, performance is evaluated following
rules of the sports discipline which were set in
advance, it is expressed by the length of the
throw and is understood as a sports
performance. An ability to achieve a given
performance repeatedly is referred to
as efficiency.
 THE AIM OF SPORTS TRAINING IS TO
ACHIEVE MAXIMUM INDIVIDUAL OR TEAM
EFFICIENCY IN A SELECTED SPORTS
DISCIPLINE LIMITED BY RULES.
• Reaching maximum efficiency in any activity is
not possible over a day. Efficiency is conditioned
by several interrelated areas. Sports training
focuses on reaching maximum efficiency in motor
abilities connected to a certain sports discipline.
Supposed performance depends on motor ability
and motor skill which are closely related to the
sports discipline.
• Motor abilities can be described as
relatively stable sets of inner genetic
presuppositions needed to carry out
locomotive activities. They include force,
speed, endurance, coordination and
flexibility. Motor abilities are manifested
on the outside by sports skills. Sports
skillsare presuppositions needed for
implementing performance in a selected
sports discipline which is limited by rules.
• Such presuppositions are gained through
motor learning. It, however, would not be
possible to implement sports skills or
develop locomotive abilities without
motivation. Motivation is understood as an
inner incentive to carry out certain activity.
The final area needed for performance
implementation is represented by tactical
skills. Tactics means conducting a sports
competition in a purposeful way.
•Sports training is understood as
a process of systematic
development of each component
in dependence on the duration of
preparation which leads to
achieving maximum efficiency in
senior age within the selected
sports discipline.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SPORTS TRAINING
COMPONENTS
 PHYSICAL COMPONENT
• Physical component is primarily
oriented towards systematic
development of motor abilities and
their manifestation through sports
skills in a selected sports discipline.
Among the most important areas of
motor abilities are the following:
• Force abilities
• Endurance abilities
• Speed abilities
• Coordinative abilities
• Flexibility
• Basic differentiation of motor abilities is not sufficient to
describe the manifestation of individual abilities within the
specific sports discipline. Physical requirements on the
athlete during physical training are primarily related to the
selected sports discipline. Some sports require carrying out
motor activity with a high (e.g., 400-m run) or low (e.g.,
marathon run) intensity during the whole course of motor
task. Other sports, like soccer or basketball require the
athlete to carry out different types of motor activity ranging
from static positions to running with maximum speed, often
accompanied by change of direction; and all that with a
different intensity. Requirements of individual sports
disciplines are related to physical capacity of the athlete
and can be divided into following categories:
• The ability to develop a high power output in
single action during competition such as
kicking in soccer an jumping in basketball
(force).
• The ability to perform prolonged exercise
(endurance).
• The ability to sprint (speed).
• The ability to exercise at high intensity which
are the basis on acceleration, maximum velocity
and multidirectional change of movement
(agility).
•Well-designed training
programs are based on
applying five principles during
each stage of sports
preparation. There are three
basic principles: specificity, size
of adaptation stimulus and
progression.
 SPECIFICITY
• Sports preparation in a specific sport is
characterized by specificity. The athlete
improves his or her performance in specific
activities which are the content of a specific
sports discipline. For instance, take-off in attack
strike in volleyball is characteristic for taking off
from both feet, therefore while training quick
force, specific exercise must be utilized which
support the respective type of take-off.
SIZE OF ADAPTATION STIMULUS
• Applying optimum and adaptation
stimulus means applying smaller size during
sports preparation than the one which the
athlete is used to. However well the training
program may be designed, without applying
optimum adaptation stimulus, it restricts the
ability of the athlete to improve. Subliminal
stimulus does not lead to desirable
progressive changes in performance.
• An example of applying this principle
can be increasing the size during
exercise within force training (increasing
the number of sessions per week, adding
drills or exercises or sets, perferring
complex exercises to simple ones,
shortening rest periods between sets or
exercises or any other combination of the
above examples).
 PROGRESSION
• If systematic training is to lead to ever greater
improvement, its volume and intensity must
continuously increase. If the principle of
progressive increase is applied properly, it lead
to cumulative training effect (an example of this
can be gradual increase in intensity of sports
preparation by increasing the number of weekly
trainings, increasing repetitions within each
exercise, change of type or difficulty of exercise).
 TECHNICAL COMPONENT

•Technical training focuses on

acquiring, keeping and
transferring motor
skills. Generally, from the point
of view of sports training, motor
skills are divided into two groups:
• Fundamental skills are based on
natural ontogenetic development of a
human. It includes gait, run, jump,
climbing, basic overarm throwing, etc.
• Sports skills are based on contents of
a specific sports discipline. In
volleyball, the content of skills is for
instance setting, reception, block,
service etc.
 GENERAL VERSUS SPECIAL SKILLS

• General agility tasks targets the development

of one or more basic coordinative abilities,
whereas special tasks unify them in a skill
specific manner. For example, standing on one
foot represents an example of a general skill
which develops static balance. On the other
hand, standing on one foot on a balancing bar
can be a part of a gymnastic set where it
represents a special skill.
 CLOSED VERSUS OPEN SKILLS
•Closed agility skills have
programmed assignments and
predictable or stable
environments. An example of a
closed skill can be gymnastic
routine or set in figure skating.
• Open skill have nonprogrammed
assignments and unpredictable or
unstable environments. The context
changes during performance, and the
training objective is to rapidly respond
and adapt to new or unforeseen stimuli
and situation. An example of a open skill
can be situation in games when a defense
player must respond to unforeseen
movement of the opponent.
 CONTINUOUS VERSUS DISCRETE
VERSUS SERIAL SKILLS
• Continuous tasks have no identifiable
start or finish. An example can be skills
of cyclic character (cycling, skating,
rowing)
• Discrete tasks have a definite start and
finish. An example can be skills of
acyclic character (throw, jump).
•Serial tasks are composed of
discrete skills performed in
sequence, with successful execution
of each subtask determining the
overall outcome. An example can be
skills of a combined cyclic and
acyclic character (javelin throwing,
long jump).
 TACTICAL COMPONENT

•Tactical component of sports

training focuses on different ways
to conduct sports competition
towards victory. Key terms of this
component
are strategy and tactics.
•Strategy means a plan which
was created beforehand and is
based on experience with a
purposeful conduct of sports
competition that has proved to
lead to an expected result in a
specific competition.
• Tactics means practical execution of
strategy in a specific race situation.
Practical execution is based mainly on
acquired possible solutions of specific
race situation. Progress of acquiring
possible solutions of race situations must
be in compliance with the duration of
sports training within the selected long-
term conception of sports training.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENT

• Psychological component focuses on

positive influence on the athlete’s
personality as far as fair play is
concerned in dependence on the
length of sports training with the aim
to achieve maximum efficiency in
senior age.
•There are no two exactly identical
people in the world. Everyone is
an original who acts as an
individual on the outside.
Personality of each individual is
characterized by a number of
factors. Among them, there are
the following:
•Temperament which is manifested
on the outside through emotions
and is related to the dynamics of
mental processes. In practice, four
basic types of temperament are
distinguished: sanguine, choleric,
phlegmatic, and melancholic.
• Motivation is understood as an incentive which
supports some kind of behavior and is decisive in the
kind and intensity of a person’s acting. Acting can be
described as an acitivity carried out to follow a clear-
cut aim. Motivation is closely related to activation
level. Activation level can be described as the level
to which organism is activated. Relationship between
activation level and sports performance has been
proved to exist. The curve of dependence is in the
shape of inverted U. The interpretation is that both
very high and very low activation level is of a
negative influence on sports performance.
•Qualities of an individual are
innate and can be divided into two
positive (devotion, persistence)
and two negative (dependence,
selfishness) categories. Qualities of
an individual are characterized
with four dimensions: direction,
intensity, scope and duration.
• Attitudes are – as opposed to
qualities – acquired and they are
repeatedly manifested in given
situations. Attitudes originate from
echoing, maturing, rationality or on
the basis of emotional reactions. All
of the above factors make a unity
which is referred to as character of
an individual.