Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 155 views

    RC Plane and Aerofoil Design BST - CACULATIONS 2-1

    Uploaded by

    saurabh shukla
    The document provides information about designing model aircraft, including: 1. It discusses the key parts of an airfoil like the leading edge, trailing edge, chord line, and camber line. It also explains thickness measurements. 2. It describes the three main types of airfoils - symmetric, positive camber, and negative camber. Positive camber airfoils produce lift even at zero angle of attack. 3. The document outlines the 19 main parameters that must be determined during the wing design process, such as cross-section, span, chord length, sweep angle, and aspect ratio.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    RC Plane and Aerofoil Design BST - CACULATIONS 2-1

    Uploaded by

    saurabh shukla
    155 views40 pages
    The document provides information about designing model aircraft, including: 1. It discusses the key parts of an airfoil like the leading edge, trailing edge, chord line, and camber line. It also explains thickness measurements. 2. It describes the three main types of airfoils - symmetric, positive camber, and negative camber. Positive camber airfoils produce lift even at zero angle of attack. 3. The document outlines the 19 main parameters that must be determined during the wing design process, such as cross-section, span, chord length, sweep angle, and aspect ratio.

    Original Title

    RC Plane and Aerofoil Design bst - CACULATIONS 2-1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document provides information about designing model aircraft, including: 1. It discusses the key parts of an airfoil like the leading edge, trailing edge, chord line, and camber line. It also explains thickness measurements. 2. It describes the three main types of airfoils - symmetric, positive camber, and negative camber. Positive camber airfoils produce lift even at zero angle of attack. 3. The document outlines the 19 main parameters that must be determined during the wing design process, such as cross-section, span, chord length, sweep angle, and aspect ratio.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    155 views40 pages

    RC Plane and Aerofoil Design BST - CACULATIONS 2-1

    Uploaded by

    saurabh shukla
    The document provides information about designing model aircraft, including: 1. It discusses the key parts of an airfoil like the leading edge, trailing edge, chord line, and camber line. It also explains thickness measurements. 2. It describes the three main types of airfoils - symmetric, positive camber, and negative camber. Positive camber airfoils produce lift even at zero angle of attack. 3. The document outlines the 19 main parameters that must be determined during the wing design process, such as cross-section, span, chord length, sweep angle, and aspect ratio.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 40
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The document discusses the different parts of an airfoil like leading edge, trailing edge, chord line etc. It also talks about types of airfoils like symmetric, positive camber and negative camber airfoils.

    There are three main types of airfoils - symmetric, positive camber and negative camber airfoils. Positive camber airfoils produce lift even at zero angle of attack while negative camber airfoils do not produce lift and instead add weight.

    Nineteen parameters need to be determined during wing design including cross section, root and tip chords, span, sweep angle, dihedral angle, aspect ratio etc. These parameters affect properties like speed, stability and efficiency.

    AERO MODELLING CLUB

    NIT KURUKSHETRA

    Presents:
    RC Plane and
    Aerofoil Designing
    Forces on the Plane:
    Parts of Plane:
    Aerofoil Nomenclature:
    The leading edge is the point at the front
    of the aerofoil that has maximum
    curvature.
    The trailing edge is defined similarly as
    the point of maximum curvature at the
    rear of the aerofoil.
    The chord line is a straight line
    connecting the leading and trailing
    edges of the aerofoil.
    The chord length, or simply chord, is the
    length of the chord line and is the
    characteristic dimension of the aerofoil
    section.
     The mean camber line is the locus of points
    midway between the upper and lower
    surfaces. Its exact shape depends on how
    the thickness is defined;
     The thickness of an aerofoil varies along
    the chord. It may be measured in either of
    two ways:
    Thickness measured perpendicular to
    the camber line This is sometimes
    described as the "American
    convention“.
     Thickness measured perpendicular to
    the chord line. This is sometimes
    described as the "British convention".
     Most linear dimensions are measured as a
    percentage of chord length.
    Types of Airfoils
    There are three types of airfoils:

    1. Symmetric Airfoils:

    2. Positive cambered

    3. Negative cambered
    2. Positive camber airfoils:
    Their camber line is above the chord
    line. They produce lift even at zero
    angle of attack. Thus, they are used in
    most commercial aircraft and also in
    aeromodelling. Wings with large
    positive cambers poorly maneuverable
    but give excellently stable flight.

    3. Negative camber airfoils:


    Exactly opposite as positive camber
    airfoils. They do not produce lift and
    instead add to the weight. They are
    sometimes used in the elevator of the
    Angle of Attack:
    Wing Design
    During the wing design process, nineteen parameters must be
    determined. These are as follows:
    1. Cross section (or aerofoil)
    2. Horizontal position relative to the fuselage

    3. Root chord

    4. Tip chord

    5. Span (b)

    6. Wing reference (or plan form) area (wing)


    7. Taper ratio (λ)
    8. Sweep angle (Λ) : Affects speed of the aircraft
    (At supersonic speed for reducing drag)
    11. Dihedral angle (Γ)
     Used to increase lateral stability of an
    aircraft at the cost of lift, adds complexity to
    construction.

    Why ??
    13. Aspect ratio (AR)

     High aspect ratio decreases rolling sensitivity but make airplane fly in
    much efficient manner.
    14. Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC or C)

    15. Twist angle (or washout) (αt) :


    • Helps reducing tip stalls and wing tip vortices
    to some extent. Stress is the reason.
    Wing calculation
    Assuming mass to be 650gm
    Wing loading = M / Awing
    Wing loading selection should not exceed 0.46 g / cm2
    Let Wing loading = 0.45 g / cm2
    1444.44
    So Wing Area (Awing) = 650 / 0.45 =----------------- cm 2

    Chose the aspect ratio (ARw) of your wing. For powered flight,
    Aspect ratio is considered best between 5 and 7.
    Let ARW = 6
    Hence,
    93.095 cm
    Wing span (bw) = ((ARw)x(Awing))(1/2)=------------------
    Wing chord (Cw) = Awing / bw (for rectangular wing) =15.516cm
    -------------------
    The coefficient of lift is determined from equating the lift obtained
    from the wing to the aircraft weight L = W.

    Lift = 0.5 * ρ * v2 * CL3D * Swing = M * g


    Where,
    ρ is the density of air = 1.225 kg/m3
    g = 9.8m/s2 (acceleration due to gravity),
    v is the cruise speed =14m/s
    (be careful while working in different unit system)

    CL obtained in this calculation is the 3D value.


    0.368
    Hence, CL3D=--------------------
    • The aircraft is generally terminated at 3 to 5 degrees angle of attack
    (α). This range of values keeps the aircraft away from the stall angle
    providing safer flight.
    4 0
    • Angle of attack, α =---------

    • Use symmetric aerofoil due to the ease in fabrication. For symmetric


    aerofoil,
    CL3D=CLα3D* α
    (y=mx kind of equation, calculate CL α3D which is like m)
    0.092 (/degree)
    CLα3D = --------------------
    1 degree = 1/57.3 radian
    5.265 (/radian)
    CLα3D = --------------------
    • In practical cases, the flow over the wing is 3 dimensional
    whereas the flow over an aerofoil during study is 2 dimensional.
    To accommodate this difference the following correction is
    applied.
    • The relation between the 2 dimensional lift and 3 dimensional lift is:
    CLα3D = CLα2D / ( 1 + ( CLα2d / π * ARw )) ------------------------------- (1)

    6.922 (/radians)
    CLα2D has to be calculated in /radians that will be ----------------
    CLα2D = 0.121
    ----------- (/degree)
    For symmetric aerofoil,
    CL2D= CLα2D * 10 i.e. CL2D (at angle of attack = 10)
    Value of CL2D= value of CL at angle of attack for a symmetric

    aerofoil =0.484
    -------------
    Tail design
    Choose the tail area (At) to be around 15-16% of the wing area. (for
    better stability of the aircraft)
    216.67 (percentage * Awing)
    At =----------------
    The aspect ratio of tail is chosen to be less than that of wing so that the
    stall in tail is delayed w.r.t that of wing.
    Aspect ratio of tail (ARt) =-----------------(around 4-5) Let it 4.
    Taper ratio of tail (λt) = 0.45 (for elliptical distribution of lift)
    29.44
    Tail span (bt) = (ARt * At)1/2 =------------------
    10.15
    Tail root chord Croot = 2At / bt ( 1 + λt ) = -------------------
    4.5675
    Tail tip chord Ctip = λt * Croot = ----------------
    • Aerodynamics centre is at 25 % of the chord length of your wing
    from the leading edge.
    • ‘x’ is the distance of your centre of gravity from the aerodynamics
    centre of your wing Xac= ---------------------- (.25*Cw) = 3.879 cm

    X= ---------------------- (2-3 cm)=(Xcg-Xac) = 2.8 cm

    XCG – Xac = X

    Or, XCG = Xac + X


    XCG=-------------------(from the leading edge of your wing) = 6.679 cm
    Choosing an airfoil

     Designing an airfoil is one of the toughest tasks in aeronautics, requires


    great deal of knowledge. It is beyond the scope of this workshop
     Most aero modellers like us choose their airfoils from already designed set of
    airfoils like NACA or Eppler aerofoils etc.
     Try to figure out what sort of airplane you need**:
    • Slow flying airplane like sailplane or glider (look for high Cl/Cd ratio)
    • Aerobatic stunt plane (symmetric aerofoils)
    • High speed race aircraft (very low Cd , thin and semi symmetric
    aerofoils)

    **above points are just for very rough idea, for final selection of airfoil many parameters are considered.
    NACA Aerofoils
    It stands for National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

    NACA 4 digit
    • This NACA aerofoil series is controlled by 4 digits e.g. NACA 2412.
    • These designate the camber, position of the maximum camber and
    thickness of an aerofoil.
    • If an aerofoil number is NACA MPXX
    e.g. NACA 2412

    • Here M is the maximum camber as % of chord length. M=2 so the camber


    is 2% of the chord

    • P is the position of the maximum camber as tens of % of chord length. P=4


    so the maximum camber is at 40% of the chord.

    • XX is the thickness as % of chord length. XX=12 so the thickness is 12% of


    the chord.
    NACA Airfoils

     NACA stands for National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

     Formed in1915; Dissolved and merged in 1958 into NASA.

     The shape of the NACA aerofoils is described using a series of digits


    following the word "NACA."

     The parameters in the numerical code can be entered into equations


    generate the cross-section of the aerofoil.
     There are Four, Five, Six and Seven digit series of NACA codes.
     Four and Six series are commonly used in aeromodelling.
     The NACA four-digit wing section represents the following:

    1. First digit describes maximum camber as


    percentage of the chord.
    2. Second digit describes the distance of maximum
    camber from the airfoil leading edge in tens of
    percent's of the chord.
    3. Last two digits describe maximum thickness of the
    airfoil as percentage of the chord.
    4. Four-digit series airfoils by default have maximum
    thickness at 30% of the chord (0.3 chords) from the
    leading edge.
    Design Foil software
    Axial movements of Plane

    You might also like