Scribd
Upload
209 views30 pages

Applied Thermodynamics

A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It takes in air through an intake valve into the compression cylinder. The piston then compresses the air through its reciprocating motion and discharges the compressed air at higher pressure through an exhaust valve. Reciprocating compressors are widely used and satisfactory for compressing air at all pressure ranges. They can have single or multiple cylinders and operate at speeds from 100 to 1500 rpm for a single stage compressor.

Uploaded by

Rutvik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
209 views30 pages

Applied Thermodynamics

A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It takes in air through an intake valve into the compression cylinder. The piston then compresses the air through its reciprocating motion and discharges the compressed air at higher pressure through an exhaust valve. Reciprocating compressors are widely used and satisfactory for compressing air at all pressure ranges. They can have single or multiple cylinders and operate at speeds from 100 to 1500 rpm for a single stage compressor.

Uploaded by

Rutvik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

2MR304

Applied Thermodynamics
Introduction to compressors
 A compressor is a device that pressurize a working fluid, one
of the basic aim of compressor is to compress the fluid and
deliver it to a pressure which is higher than its original
pressure.

 The machine which takes in air or any other gas at low


pressure and compresses it to high pressure is called
compressor.

 The compressor is power consuming machine in which


mechanical work is converted into pressure energy of fluid.
They are also considered as reversed heat engine.
Uses of compressed air
 To compress the refrigerant and to create pressure
difference in system.
 Operating pneumatic tools.
 To operate air motor in mines where fire risks are
more.
 To compress air in gas turbine power plant.
 Spray painting.
 For sand blasting.
 Operating blast furnaces.
Types of Compressors

24-12-2019 4
What are dynamic compressors?
The dynamic compressor is continuous flow compressor is
characterized by rotating impeller to add velocity and thus
pressure to fluid.

It is widely used in chemical and petroleum refinery


industry for specific services.

There are two types of dynamic compressors


 Centrifugal Compressor
 Axial Flow Compressor
Centrifugal Compressor
Achieves compression by applying inertial forces to the gas by means of rotating impellers.

It is multiple stage ; each stage consists of an impeller as the rotating element and the
stationary element, i.e. diffuser

 Fluid flow enters the impeller axially and discharged radially

 The gas next flows through a circular chamber (diffuser), where it loses velocity and increases
pressure.
Axial flow compressor

 Working fluid principally flows parallel to the axis of rotation.


 The energy level of air or gas flowing through it is increased by
the action of the rotor blades which exert a torque on the fluid
 Have the benefits of high efficiency and large mass flow rate
 Require several rows of airfoils to achieve large pressure rises
making them complex and expensive
What are positive displacement compressors?
Positive displacement compressors causes movement by
trapping a fixed amount of air then forcing (displacing) that
trapped volume into the discharge pipe.

It can be further classified according to the mechanism used


to move air.
 Rotary Compressor
 Reciprocating compressor
Rotary compressors
The gas is compressed by the rotating action of a roller inside a cylinder.

The roller rotates off-centre around a shaft so that part of the roller is always
in contact with the cylinder.

 Volume of the gas occupies is reduced and the refrigerant is compressed.

High efficient as sucking and compressing refrigerant occur simultaneously


Reciprocating compressor
It is a positive-displacement compressor that

 Uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure.


The intake gas enters the suction manifold, then flows into the compression
cylinder
It gets compressed by a piston driven in a reciprocating motion via a crankshaft,
Discharged at higher pressure
Reciprocating Rotary
 According to number of stages:
 Single stage compressor – Low delivery pressure(≤10 bar)
 Multi stage compressor – High delivery pressure(≥10 bar)

 According to final(delivery) pressure of gas


 Low pressure compressors : final pressure < 10 bar
 Medium pressure compressors : final pressure between 10 bar
to 80 bar
 High pressure compressors : final pressure between 80 bar to
1000 bar

 According to pressure ratio:


 Fan : pressure ratio <1.1
 Blower : pressure ratio >1.1 and <2.3
 Compressors : pressure ratio >2.3
 According to quantity of air delivered
(capacity):
 Low capacity : volume flow rate<10
 Medium capacity : volume flow rate between 10 to
300
 High capacity : volume flow rate >300
 According to number of cylinders:
 Single cylinder
 Multi cylinder

According to type of fluid to be


compressed
 Aircompressor
 Gas compressor
 Vapor compressor
According to action of piston:
 Single acting compressors: They are the
reciprocating compressor which has piston
working only in one direction. There is one
suction and delivery stroke per revolution of
crank.
 Double acting compressors: .
• As from its name it uses its both sides to compress the air.
• These types of compressors have two sets of suction/intake and
delivery/exhaust valve on both sides of the piston.
• As the piston moves up and down, both sides of the piston is
utilized in compressing the air.
• The intake and exhaust valve operates corresponding to the
movement of the piston or with the stroke of the compressor.
• The air is compressed accordingly and delivered continuously as
compared to single-acting air compressor. Here both of sides
are effectively used for compressing the air.
Reciprocating compressor
 Reciprocating compressors are widely
used for compressing air and it is
satisfactory for all ranges of pressures.

 The number of cylinders may be more


than one.

 Insingle stage reciprocating compressor


pressure ratio is kept 5 to 8, and the speed
varies from 100 to 1500 rpm.
Parts of reciprocating Compressor
Actual (indicator) diagram for single
stage reciprocating compressor
Sequence of operation
Capacity of compressor
 Capacity of Compressor basically indicated by following
two parameter
1. Pressure
2. Free Air Delivery
What is FAD- Capacity of a Compressor?

 The FAD is the volume of air drawn into a compressor


from the atmosphere. After compression and cooling the
air is returned to the original temperature but it is at
high pressure

 Suppose atmospheric condition are Pa Ta and Va


(the FAD) and the compressed condition are p ,V and T
Some definitions
 Bore = Cylinder diameter.
 Stroke = Distance through which the piston moves.
 The two extreme positions of the piston are known as head-end and crank-
end dead centers.
 Clearance Volume (Cl) : Volume occupied by the fluid when the piston is
 at head-end dead centre.
 Piston Displacement (PD) :Volume, a piston sweeps through.
 Compression Ratio (rv) : Ratio of cylinder volume with the piston at crank-
end dead centre to the cylinder volume with the piston at head-end dead
centre.
 Mechanical Efficiency : which gives an indication of the

losses occurring between the piston and driving shaft.


Compressor Efficiency Definitions
Isothermal Efficiency

IsothermalPower
Isothermal Efficiency =
Actual measured input power

Isothermal power(kW) = P1 x Q1 x loger/36.7

P1 = Absolute intake pressure kg/ cm2


Q1 = Free air delivered m3/hr.
r = Pressure ratio P2/P1
Compressor Efficiency Definitions

Volumetric Efficiency
Free air delivered m 3 /min
Volumetric efficiency =
Compressor displacement

Compressor Displacement =  x D2 x L x S x  x n
4
D = Cylinder bore, metre
L = Cylinder stroke, metre
S = Compressor speed rpm
 = 1 for single acting and
2 for double acting cylinders
n = No. of cylinders
Reciprocating Compressors
 Types
1. Single acting
The working fluid compressed at only one side of the
piston
2. Double acting
The working fluid compressed alternately on both sides
of the piston.
Construction and working

 The single stage, single cylinder, single acting


compressors consists of piston, cylinder, cylinder
head, connecting rod, crank shaft, flywheel, crank
case, water jacket, suction valve and delivery valve
as shown in fig.
 The compressor takes inside successive amount
of volume of air from intake valve and confined
it in closed surface at that time piston moves
downward with the closure of intake valve.

 Then there is compression of air by reducing its


volume.

 Now the piston moves upward and compress


the air and then displace the compressed air
through exhaust valve. And then again intake
take place and cycle repeat itself.
 These types of compressor also called positive
displacement machines. They are available in
both as lubricated and oil-free.

 The reciprocating compressor is single acting


when the compressing is accomplished using
only one side of piston and double acting when
both the sides of piston used.
Advantages:
Relatively Cheap.
Easy maintenance
Suitable for high pressure

Disadvantages:
Sounds too much. One has to arrange a room
for it or put it into isolating box.
High outlet temperature of compressed air.
High oil content in air piping.

You might also like