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    AEM Differential Equations

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    Chintal Patel
    Differential equations relate variables and their derivatives. The order is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the power of the highest derivative. Ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree can be written as dy/dx = f(x,y) or M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0. They can be classified and solved using methods like variable separation, homogeneous equations, exact/inexact equations, and converting to linear form. Integrating factors are used to make inexact equations exact.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    AEM Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Chintal Patel
    41 views20 pages
    Differential equations relate variables and their derivatives. The order is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the power of the highest derivative. Ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree can be written as dy/dx = f(x,y) or M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0. They can be classified and solved using methods like variable separation, homogeneous equations, exact/inexact equations, and converting to linear form. Integrating factors are used to make inexact equations exact.

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    AEM differential equations

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    Differential equations relate variables and their derivatives. The order is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the power of the highest derivative. Ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree can be written as dy/dx = f(x,y) or M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0. They can be classified and solved using methods like variable separation, homogeneous equations, exact/inexact equations, and converting to linear form. Integrating factors are used to make inexact equations exact.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    41 views20 pages

    AEM Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Chintal Patel
    Differential equations relate variables and their derivatives. The order is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the power of the highest derivative. Ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree can be written as dy/dx = f(x,y) or M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0. They can be classified and solved using methods like variable separation, homogeneous equations, exact/inexact equations, and converting to linear form. Integrating factors are used to make inexact equations exact.

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    SUBJECT:ADVANCED

    ENGINEERING
    MATHEMATICS

    TOPIC:DIFFRENTIAL
    EQUATION
     A Differential equation is an equation
    which involves variables(dependent and
    independent) and their derivatives.
     For examples:
    ORDER:
     The order of a differential equation is the
    order of the highest order derivative present
    in the equation.
    DEGREE:
     The degree of a differential equation is the
    power of the highest order derivative in the
    equation
     For example:
    ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
    EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND
    FIRST DEGREE

    The general form of this equation can be


    written as :
    F(x , y , dy / dx)=0
    Or in explicit form as :
    dy / dx =f(x , y) OR
    M(x , y)dx + N(x , y) dy=0
    SOLUTION OF THE D.E. CAN BE
    OBTAINED BY CLASSIFYING THEM
    AS FOLLOWS:
    1. Variable separable
    2. Homogeneous differential equations
    3. Non homogeneous differential equations
    4. Exact differential equations
    5. Non exact differential equations
    reducible to exact form
    6. linear differential equations
    7. Non linear differential equations
    reducible to linear form
    VARIABLE SEPARABLE
     A differential equation of the form
    M(x)dx + N(y)dy=0
    Where M(x) is the function of x only and
    N(y) is the function of y only, is called a
    D.E with variables separated as in
    equation, the function of x and the
    function of y can be separated easily.
    Integrating equation , we get the solution as

    ∫M(x) dx + ∫N(y) dy = c
    HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
    EQUATION
     A function f (x, y) in x and y is called a
    homogenous function, if the degrees of each
    term are equal.
     For example:

    g  x, y  = x2 - xy + y2 is a homogenous function of
    degree 2

    f  x, y  = x3 + 3x2 y + 2y2 x is a homogenous function


    of degree 3
    dy ƒ  x, y 
    =
    dx g  x, y 

     where f (x, y) and g(x, y) is a


    homogenous functions of the same
    degree in x and y, then it is called
    homogenous differential equation.
    EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
    EQUATION
    A differential equation of the form
    M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 is called an exact
    differential equation if and only if

    Thus the general solution is:


    ∫y constant M dx + ∫ (terms in n without
    containing x) dy = c
    NON-EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
    EQUATION

     For the differential equation:


    𝑀 ( 𝑥, 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 ( 𝑥, 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
     If ∂M/∂Y≠∂M/∂X then it is said to be
    non exact differential equation
     If the given differential equation is not
    exact then make that equation exact by
    finding INTEGRATING FACTOR.
    INTEGRATING FACTOR
     For the differential equation:
    M(x , y)dx + N(x ,y)dy =0
    is a non exact.
     In such situation, we find a function 𝜆
    such that by multiplying𝜆 to the equation,
    it becomes an exact equation.
     So, 𝝀M(x, y)dx +𝝀N(x, y)dy =0
    Become exact equation.
    Here the function 𝜆 = 𝜆(𝑥, 𝑦) is then called
    an Integrating factor.
    METHOD TO FIND I.F. FOR GIVEN
    NON-EXACT EQUATION

    CASE-1
     When an equation Mdx+Nd=0 is of form:
    F(xy)ydx + g(xy)xdy=0 with Mx-Ny≠0 then
    I.F.= 1/Mx-Ny
     Now multiplying the given equation with
    I.F. we get new D.E. in the form of
    M*dx=N*dy=0
    Which will be exact D.E.
    CASE-2
    If the D.E. is a homogenous equation in x
    and y(degree of each term is same)then
    I.F.=1/Mx+Ny
    Where Mx+Ny≠0
    CASE-3
    If 1/N(∂M/∂Y-∂N/∂X)=F(x) is only a
    function of x then
    I.F = e∫F(x) dx
    CASE -4
    IF 1/M(∂N/∂X-∂M/∂Y)=F(x) is only a
    function of y then
    I.F = e∫F(y) dy
    LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

     Any function on multiplying by which the


    differential equation M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0
    becomes a differential coefficient of some
    function of x and y is called an Integrating factor
    of the differential equation.
    If µ [M(x,y)dx +N(x,y)dy]=0=d[f(x,y)] then µ is
    called I.F
    dy/dx + P(x)y=Q(x) is known as first order
    Differential equation.
    I.F = e∫p(x) dx
    Then the general solution is:
    Y*I.F.= ∫Q*I.F. dx + c
    OR
    dx/dy+P(y)x=Q(y) is a linear D.E. then
    I.F = e∫p(y) dy
    Then the general solution is:
    X*I.F.= ∫Q*I.F. dy+ c
    REDUCING TO LINEAR
    FORM(BERNOULLI’S FORM)

     The equation of the form


    y’+P(x)y=Q(x)yn .....(1)
    where P and Q are the functions of x or
    constant is a non-linear equation,known
    as bernoulli’s equation.
     This equation can be made linear using
    the following method .
     Divide eq(1) by yn
     ⅟yn y’+y/ynP(x)=Q(x)
     Let ⅟yn-1=v
     (1-n)/yn y’=v’
     ⅟yn*y’=1/(1-n)*v’
     Substituting in equation(1)
     ⅟(1-n)*v’+Pv=Q
     v’+(1-n)Pv=Q
     the equation is linear in v and can be
    solved using the method of linear D.E.
    finally, substituting v= ⅟yn-1,we get the
    solution of equation(1).
     REFERENCES:
    mathworld.wolfram.com
    tutorial.math.lamar.edu

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