GALENICALS Lecture

GALENICALS
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
EXTRACTION
• Extraction term Pharmaceutically involves the separation of
medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the
inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in
standard extraction procedures.

EXTRACTION PROCESSES
INFUSION DECOCTION MACERATION / PERCOLATION

DIGESTION
Fresh Concentrated Simple Percolation Continuous
Infusion Infusion Percolation Process for Hot Percolation
Conc. Preparation (Soxhlation)
Simple Multiple Maceration with .

adjustment Reserved Modified
Maceration Maceration
Percolation Percolation
Double Triple
Maceration Maceration
INFUSION
• An infusion is a dilute solution of the readily
soluble constituents of crude drugs
• Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating
the solids for a short period of time with
either cold or boiling water
Decoction
• Once this is a popular process for extracts of
water soluble and heat stable constituents
from crude drugs by boiling in water for
15min,cooling ,straining and passing sufficient
cold water through the drug to produce the
required volume
Digestion
• This is a form of maceration in which gentle
heat is used during the process of extraction.
• It is used when moderately elevated
temperatures is not objectionable and the
solvent efficiency of the menstruum in
increased thereby
Maceration
• This process the solid ingredients are placed in
a stoppered container with prescribed solvent
and allowed to stand for 3 days with frequent
agitation
• The soluble matter dissolved will be filtered
magma was washed with sufficient quantitiy
of prescribed solvent (mixtures) and the
filterates were combined
Percolation
• Ground solids were mixed with appropriate solvents to
make them damp
• Allowed to stand for 15min
• Transferred to a percolator and packed
• Sufficient prescribed solvent is added to saturate the
solids
• The solids are allowed to macerate for 24hrs or for a
prescribed time
• The percolate are collected
• If necessary percolate is diluted with the solvent to
produce a solution to meet the standards
PERCLATOR PACKED WITH
INFUSION POT CRUDE DRUG
PERCOLATR WITH STEAM JACKET SIMPLE PERCOLATOR
PERCOLATOR FOR VOLATILE PERCOLATOR FOR OPERATION
MENSTRUUM UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE
HOT CONTINOUS PERCOLATION
BASKET PRESS
EXTRACTION METHODS Examples
A. MACERATION Tincture of Orange

i) Simple maceration Tincture of Lemon
Tincture of Squill.
ii) Maceration of unorganized drug / Maceration Tincture of Tolu Balsam

with adjustment Compound Tincture of Benzoin
iii) Multiple Maceration Concentrated infusion of orange.

a) Double maceration Concentrated infusion of chirata
Concentrated infusion of gentian
Concentrated infusion of Quassia

b) Triple maceration Concentrated infusion of Senna
EXTRACTION METHODS Examples
B. PERCOLATION Tincture of Belladonna

Compound tincture of cardamom
i) Simple percolation Strong tincture of ginger etc.
ii) Reserved percolation Liquid extract of Liquorice
iii)Continuous hot percolation / Cantharidin from cantharides

Soxhlation Alkaloids from seeds
Fresh infusion of Quassia

C. INFUSION
i) Fresh infusion Concentrated compound infusion of
chirata
ii) Concentrated infusion Concentrated compound infusion of
gentian
D. DECOCTION
No official preparations in IP or BP.
Comparison between the methods of extraction
Extraction method Time for extraction Temperature Characteristics of
the active
constituents
Maceration 3-7 days Room temp Soluble in the
menstruum
Heat stable /
unstable
Percolation 24 hours Room temp Soluble in the

menstruum
Heat stable /
unstable
Digestion Few days Moderately high Heat stable

Cold or boiling water
Infusion Short period Boiling water Readily soluble
Decoction 15 mins Boiling water Water soluble

Heat stable
EXTRACTIVE PREPARATIONS
TINCTURES
• Defined as alcoholic or hydroalcoholic

solutions prepared from vegetable materials
or chemical substances(Iodine tincture)
• Potency can be adjusted following the assay
• 10gm drug/100ml tincture (Potent tincture)
Fluid extracts
• Defined as liquid preparations of vegetable
drugs containing alcohol as a solvent or as
preservative or both
• Each ml fluid extract = 1gm standard drug
EXTRACTS – FORM WISE
Solid/Pilular extracts
• Have consistency to be used as pills
• Also suited for ointments and suppositories
preparation
• Ex:Pure Glycyrrhiza extract
Powdered extracts
• Better suited to be incorporated as dry
formulations as in capsules
• Drugs that contain inactive oily or fatty matter
should be defatted inorder to avoid possible
loss of activity of the active constituents
• Ex:
• Belladona extract USP
Semiliquid extracts or extracts of syrupy
consistency
• They are used to prepare pharmaceutical
preparations
• Mostly they are medicinal agents with
therapeutic property as well as they are used
as vehicles

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GALENICALS

• Extraction term Pharmaceutically involves the separation of

medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the

inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in

standard extraction procedures.

INFUSION DECOCTION MACERATION / PERCOLATION

Simple Multiple Maceration with .

A. MACERATION Tincture of Orange

ii) Maceration of unorganized drug / Maceration Tincture of Tolu Balsam

iii) Multiple Maceration Concentrated infusion of orange.

Concentrated infusion of Quassia

B. PERCOLATION Tincture of Belladonna

ii) Reserved percolation Liquid extract of Liquorice

iii)Continuous hot percolation / Cantharidin from cantharides

Fresh infusion of Quassia

Percolation 24 hours Room temp Soluble in the

Digestion Few days Moderately high Heat stable

Infusion Short period Boiling water Readily soluble

Decoction 15 mins Boiling water Water soluble

• Defined as alcoholic or hydroalcoholic

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