Ultrasonic Based Bio-Diesel

Production

Dr. Saira Asif

Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
Renewable Energy Resources
•A renewable low carbon source.
•A sustainable fuel in less GHG
•Easy to install and scale up. emissions.
•It can provide energy 24 hours •Variety of biomass available.
a day when system is combined •Contributed approximately 50%
with storage batteries. in green energy.
•World wide government
agencies provide subsidies on
this energy investments.

•Can able to cut more than 12.3

billion tons of carbon pollution by
•It is a clean form of energy. 2050.
•It prevents the emissions •Create 600,000 jobs world wide.
equivalent to the burning of 4.4 •Save $ 108 billion in health care
million barrels of fossil fuel per costs and economic damages, by
day. removing air pollutants.
•It needs a investment of water
reservoir.
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Biofuels Global Production, Shares by Type
and by Country/Region, 2019

United
States
46%

Brazil
24%
Rest of
EU 15% the world
15%

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Biomass Energy •Bioethanol fuel is mainly produced by the
sugar fermentation process.
•It can be combined with gasoline in any
concentration up to pure ethanol (E100).
•It can be blended with gasoline in varying
quantities to reduce consumption of
petroleum fuels

•Biogas is a clean and renewable fuel (similar

to LPG) that you can make yourself. Can be
able to cook all of your normal meals with it.
•Market of biogas plants estimated to be
rapidly increased worldwide until year 2030.
•Renewable resources such as corn, beets or
grass serve as feed both for animals such as
cows and pigs as well as for the micro
organisms in the biogas plant.

•Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to

conventional or 'fossil' diesel.
•Biodiesel can be produced from straight
vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste
cooking oil.
•The process used to convert these oils
to Biodieselis called transesterification.

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Why biodiesel?

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 Advantages of biodiesel

 Biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable.

 High flash point (300o F or higher).

 Reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions.

 Lower emissions than petroleum diesel.

 Locally produced biodiesel supports the local economy.

 Improves engine operation and easy to blend.

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 Towards non-edible oil feedstock
No need dispose
Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CI) High growth rate
High photosynthetic efficiency
Prevent feeding mixture for domestic animal Oil seed content: 65 wt.% No need land
Prevent reusing and recycling
Oil yield: 4680 kg oil/ha/y
Waste cooking oil (WCO) Microalgae
Oil content: 20-75 wt.%
Generated: 0.12 Mt/y in Malaysia
Oil yield: 58700-136900 kg oil/ha/y

No need fertiliser
Restoration of degradation land
Eliminating food crisis
Jatropha oil (JO)
Oil seed content: 43-59 wt.% Rubber seed oil (RSO) Castor oil (CO)
Oil yield: 1590 kg oil/ha/y Oil seed content: 40-60 wt.% Oil seed content: 45-50 wt.%
Oil yield: 50 kg oil/ha/y Oil yield: 1188 kg oil/ha/y

Reference
1. Chuah, L.F., Yusup, S. et al. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s10098-015-1022-x.
 Biodiesel feedstock
 Edible oils
• Rapeseed and sunflower oil in
Europe
• Palm oil in Southeast Asia
mainly Malaysia and
Indonesia,
• Coconut oil in Philippines,
• Soybean and corn oil in
America
•Non edible oils
•Jatropha, karanja, neem,
rubber seed, mahua, silk
cotton, microalgea

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 APPLICATION
Global Demand

Reference
1. Lamers, P. German Union for the Promotion of Oils and Protein Plants (UFOP) 2011. 1-24
 COUNTRIES WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY
POLICIES (2019 Report)

PAKISTAN

Reference
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Renewables 2019 Global Status Report, https://www.ctc-n.org/sites/www.ctc-n.org/files/resources/gsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf, Publication date:
Thursday, June 27, 2019
 POLICIES IN PAKISTAN

National Petroleum Policy

(1975)

National Energy Policy

(1979)

National Depletion Policy

(1980)

The 4 (1980) Fuel

Oil, gas, coal and hydro
Diversification

The 5 Fuel Diversification

Oil, gas, coal , hydro and renewable (1980)
A target: 350 MW electricity from renewable

5 strategic thrusts:-
1.Biofuel for transport
2.Biofuel for industry National Biofuel Policy
3.Biofuel technologies (NBP) (2006)
4.Biofuel for export
5.Biofuel for cleaner environment

Reference
1. Johari A., Nyakuma, B.B. et al. Energy. 2015. 255-261. 11
Towards intensification technologies
 Intensification technology contributes in reduction of biodiesel
production cost in terms of energy efficiency and reaction time

Transducer

Thermometer

Hydrodynamic
Ultrasonic
generator

Cryostat
reactor

Ultrasonic

Microwave
Comparison among intensification technologies
Parameters Results

Author Raw material Method Process Ratio alcohol to oil, Energy

FAME Yield Cavitational yield,
Temperature, Catalyst% wt, consumption
(wt.%) 10-4(g/J)
Reaction time (MJ)
Ultrasound
Transesterification 6:1; 60°C; 1.0% KOH; 40 min 92.5 N/A 0.10
Gole et al., cavitation
Nagchampa oil
2013
Mechanical stirring Transesterification 6:1; 60°C; 1.0% KOH; 90 min 90.6 N/A 0.05

Ghayal et al., Hydrodynamic

Frying oil Transesterification 6:1; 60°C; 1.0% KOH; 10 min 95 4.5 12.80
2013 cavitaion
Ultrasound
Transesterification 6:1; 45°C; 1.0% KOH; 30 min 98 0.9 0.11
cavitation
Ji et al., 2006 Vegetable oil
Mechanical stirring Transesterification 6:1; 45°C; 1.0% KOH; 45 min 90 1.8 0.06

Ultrasound
Transesterification 4:4 ratio (w/v), 0.5% NaOH, 10 min 99 - 0.86
cavitation
Gogate, 2008 Vegetable oil
Mechanical stirring Transesterification 4:4 ratio (w/v), 0.5% NaOH, 180 min 98 - 0.23

Hydrodynamic
Pal et al., 2010 Thumba oil Transesterification 4.5:1; 50°C; 1.0% NaOH; 30 min 80 - -
cavitaion
Hydrodynamic
Esterification 10:1; 50°C; 1.0% H2SO4; 90 min 92 mol% - -
cavitaion
Kelkar et al., Fatty acid Hydrodynamic 10:1; 50°C; 2.0% Caprylic acid;
Esterification 98 mol% - -
2008 (C8-C10) cavitaion 75 min
Hydrodynamic
Esterification 10:1; 50°C; 2.0% Capric acid; 75 min 98 mol% - -
cavitaion

Among them, ultrasonic cavitation is the efficient technology to provide a substantial

promise for biodiesel production in terms of high ester conversion, shorter reaction time
and high cavitational yield.
Scope of the current study
 Pakistan is a hub of unique biodiversity comprising different climatic zones with a wide range
of plant species.
 Its identified flora comprised about 6000 species of wild flowering plants.
 Reasonable number of non edible seed producing flora.
 Potential resources ranging from algae to higher plants for the biofuel production.
 Pakistan has an a vast area of barren and under utilized land which can be used for the
plantation of plants like Jatropha, Pistacia for requiring less water and their endurance to
harsh climatic conditions.
1.60% 0.20% Agriculture
27.29% Rangelands

Coniferous forests
35.80%
Irrigated plantations

Scrub forests

Riverain forests
Waste lands including areas under ice
0.30% and snow
0.999% Water bodies (rivers only)
0.10% Others
31.90%
1.699%

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Pistacia khinjuk tree (Kakad Singhi)

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Pistacia khinjuk Seeds

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Salvadora alii Tree with fruits (Pillu)

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 Utilization of Non-edible Oils

•Inferior quality laundry soap

•Paints and varnishes Can be used as flavours or
•Factice used in rubber compounding perfumes, cosmetics, solvents
•Epoxidised oil used in the preparation of in coatings or paints on
anti-corrosive coatings, adhesives, and automobiles and inks, etc.
alky resin coatings.
•Grease
As a substitute
•Tanning of leather
for or additive
•Replacing costlier oil soap and potassium to diesel
ole (oleic acid soap) in the manufacturing
of natural rubber latex foam.
Glycerol Biodiesel
[11]
http://rubberboard.org.in/ManageCultivation.asp?Id=227#

Esters

Advantages:
Potential as  < smoke & particles.
human food, Non-Edible  High cetane number.
animal feed &
fuel
Oils  Low CO & HC
emission.
 Renewable.
Seeds  Biodegradable.
Traditional glycerol  Non-toxic.
uses with average
worldwide values

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Comparison of optimum conditions and fuel
properties between ultrasonic cavitation and
mechanical stirring UC MS UC MS

Parameters SAME TPME

Optimum conditions
Alcohol to oil molar ratio 10:1 10:1 6:1 6:1
Catalyst loading (wt. %) 3 3 3.5 3.5
Amplitude (%) 50 - 45 -
RPM - 600 - 600
Time (min) 30 90 30 90 LESS REACTION
Ester yield (wt. %) 92 86 88.6 83.1 TIME AND COST
Reaction rate constant (min-1) 0.067 0.022 0.062 0.021
ASTM
EN 14214
Biodiesel properties D 6751

0.86-0.90 -
Density (15 °C, g/cm3) 0.83 0.88

3.5-5.0 1.9-6.0
Kinematic viscosity, (40 °C, mm2/s) 3.70 4.26

≥120 ≥130
Flash point (°C) 136 153

≤0.5 ≤0.8
Acid value (mg KOH/g oil) 0.20 0.30
Cloud point (°C) 11 5 - -
Pour point (°C) 4 -3 - -
Oxidation stability (h) 21 3.1 - ≥6
Conclusions
1. All the sources for the present study were novel, indigenous, non edible oil
yielding and not competitive to food crops and agricultural land.

2. Cleaner production of biodiesel is closely tied to more efficient and conscious

usage of raw materials; more effective usage of non-renewable and renewable
energy sources and technologies.

3. There were very limited reports on the oil characterization of these novel
resources.

4. For the first time, this study reports the ultrasonic cavitation system for
heterogeneous transesterification of these non edible oils, UC produces cavities,
which has resulted in excellent interfacial of oil-methanol to eliminate the mass
transfer resistance with reduced reaction time and hence significantly enhanced
the conversion rate.

5. Present study reports the methyl ester conversion more than 80% with all
feedstock and biodiesel met the criteria of ASTM Standards.
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Recommendations/Way Forward
 Need for the comprehensive agronomic data on these non edible feedstock

 Comparison among the different solvents in transesterification (MS) and UC

reaction upon the methyl ester conversion.

 To check this process on continuous type UC Reactor.

 Further research should analyze engine combustion characteristics, different

engine loading and other emission parameters, such as particulate matter and
smoke.

 Need to involve industrial partner for technology development, mutual

research collaboration and commercialization of product in the Pakistani
fuel/biofuel market.

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Thank you

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