THE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION
Presented by

DEWANG MEHTA
PAYAL MORE
JIGAR PATEL
MEHUL GANATRA
RITESH SAMTANI
MUKESH KUMAR
SATISH TAYAL
GAURAV MISHRA
SAYANTAN DAS
SOUMIK MOITRA
SOUMITA ROY
SOURAV AGARWAL
SUSHMEET SHAH
ARPANDEEP KAUR
 Main idea
•The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where
major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a
profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United
Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and
eventually the world.

•In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased
over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold.

•Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great
Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy
towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of
the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased
use of refined coal.
WHY DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
BEGIN IN GREAT BRITAIN?

Colonies around the world supplied raw materials;

powerful navy and merchant fleet facilitated trade;
waterways provided power and transportation; enclosure
movement led to large labor supply; private investors
provided funds for investment; coal and iron deposits
provided needed resources
MECHANIZATIO
N
During the first half of
the 19th century, the
European manufacturing
process shifted from
small-scale production
by hand at home to
large-scale production
by machine in a factory
setting.
 SERIES OF INVENTIONS MODERNIZE TEXTILE
MANUFACTURING

•1733 - Flying Shuttle (John Kay) – Used to weave cloth

•1760 – Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) – Allowed for

multiple threads to be woven together

•1769 – Water Frame (Richard Arkwright) – Used water to

power the spinning frame

•1785 – Water Loom (Edmund Cartwright) – First machine that

could weave cloth

•1793 – Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) – Machine that separated

cotton seeds from the cotton
 Iron Making
•In the Iron industry, coke was finally applied to all stages of
iron smelting, replacing charcoal. This had been achieved much
earlier for lead and copper as well as for producing pig iron in
a blast furnace, but the second stage in the production of bar
iron depended on the use of potting and stamping  or puddling.

•If textiles fueled the Industrial Revolution, iron was the

scaffolding on which it was constructed.

•Without iron, there could have been no meaningful

industrialization.

•Innovations make steel feasible.

• “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
• “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
• Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
British Pig Iron Production
 Mining
•Coal mining in Britain, particularly in South Wales started early.
•if the geology was favourable, the coal was mined by means of an
adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill.
•Shaft Mining was also another process.
•The introduction of the steam engine from 1770s greatly facilitated
these processes.
•Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was
invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy. 

James Watts’ steam engine

 Agricultural Revolution
The invention of machinery played a big part in driving forward
the British Agricultural Revolution. Agricultural improvement
began in the centuries before the Industrial revolution got going
and it may have played a part in freeing up labour from the land to
work in the new industrial mills of the 18th century. As the
revolution in industry progressed a succession of machines became
available which increased food production with ever fewer
labourers.
Jethro Tull's seed drill invented in 1701 was a mechanical seeder
which distributed seeds efficiently across a plot of land. Joseph
Foljambe's Rotherham plough of 1730, was the first commercially
successful iron plough. Andrew Meikle's threshing machine of
1784 was the final straw for many farm labourers, and led to the
1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots.
Agricultural Revolution leads to:

•More dependable food supplies

•Ends cyclical famine

•Better nutrition leads to longer lifespan

•More positive outlook on life

Others technological developments in Britain

•Steam Power

•Chemicals

•Machine Tools

•Gas lighting

•Glass making
Transport in Britain
The Role of the Railroads
The railroads, built during the 1830s
and 1840s:
•Enabled people to leave the place
of their birth and migrate easily to
the cities.
•Allowed cheaper and more rapid
transport of raw materials and
finished products.
•Created an increased demand for
iron and steel and a skilled labor
force.

Early Steam Locomotive

•The development of the railway stimulated the
economy by providing cheap and efficient transport
which lowered the carriage cost of goods.

•After many of the workers had completed the

railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles
but instead remained in the cities, providing
additional workers for the factories.

•Railways helped Britain's trade enormously,

providing a quick and easy way of transport and an
easy way to transport mail and news.
 The Impact of the Railroad

Journey time from London(in hours)

1836s 1850s

43 Edinburgh 12.25
44 Liverpool 6.5
18 Exeter 4.75
11 Birmingham 3
6 Brighton 1.25
 SOCIAL
EFFECT

•When the Child Labour

industrial evolution first came
to Britain and the U.S., there was a high
demand for labor.
•Families quickly migrated from the rural
areas to the newly industrialized cities to
find work.
•The Industrial Revolution led to a
population increase, but there was still
limited opportunity for education, and
children were expected to work.
•Employers paid a child less than an adult
even though their productivity was same;
there was no need for strength to operate
an industrial machine, and since the
industrial system was completely new
there were no experienced adult
labourers.
 Work conditions

•To survive in even the lowest level of poverty, families had to have
every able member of the family go to work.
• Children were not treated well, overworked, and underpaid for a long
time before anyone tried to change things for them.
•This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the
early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th
centuries.
•In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143
water-powered cotton mills were described as children.
•Children employed as "scavengers" by cotton mills would climb under
machinery to pick up cotton, working 14 hours a day, six days a week.
Young girls worked at match factories, where phosphorous fumes
would cause many to develop phossy jaw. Children employed
at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded, and those working
at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust.
 Population increase

•Population begins to grow especially in England.

•Those who could no longer make a living on the land

migrated from the countryside to the cities to seek work in
the factories.

Millions
100 40
England &
75 Wales 30
50 50 France &
20 1831
25 25 Germany
Eastern 10 1851
0 Europe
% Population 0
 World population and
POPULATION production
GROWTH
RESULTED FROM

•Agriculture
Revolution

•Expansion of trade

•Openness to
innovation
PROLETARIANIZATI
ONDuring the century, factory workers
underwent a process of proletarianization
(i.e., they lost control of the means of
production).

•Factory owners provided the financial

capital to construct the factory, to purchase
the machinery, and to secure the raw
materials.

•The factory workers merely exchanged

their labor for wages.
CHANGES BROUGHT BY THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
•Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor
from humans and animals to machines.

•Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming

easier and better.

•Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth.

•Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others.

•Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced.

Changes Brought by the Industrial Revolution

•Cities begin to dominate the western world.

•Creates a new social order with the rise of an influential middle class.

•Poor working conditions for lower classes eventually lead to new

social and political movements.

•Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign
lands.
 Railroads
8 REASONS WHY THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Industrial
Revolution
Wheel

•Really took off after the Civil

War
•Started many business practices
that made the Industrial
Revolution possible

22
 Railroads
New Lands

Why? Eight reasons Industrial

Revolution
Wheel

•Federal government gives western

land free to railroads to encourage
businesses & settlement
•Railroads took farmers out to their
land, carried their crops to market,
& brought them manufactured
goods
23
 Railroads
New Lands

Why? Eight reasons Industrial

Revolution Immi-
Wheel gration

•Railroad companies advertise in

Europe to attract immigrants to
new lands

•Most immigrants settle in cities,

joining the urban industrial
workforce
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 Railroads
New Lands

Why? Eight reasons Industrial

Revolution Immi-
Wheel gration

Urbanization

•Railroads made cities possible,

providing them with the food they
needed, raw materials, and new
markets
•For 1st time, more people have
non-farming than farming jobs
25
 Railroads
New Lands

Why? Eight reasons Industrial

Revolution Immi-
Wheel gration

Urbanization

Innovations & Inventions

•Steel rails – safer and cheaper

than iron
More examples: Cash register,
typewriter, refrigerator car,
Telephone, Lightbulb, Phonograph

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 Railroads
New Lands

Why? Eight reasons Industrial

Revolution Immi-
Wheel gration

New Business Practices Urbanization

Innovations & Inventions

•“Pool” – agreement to divide the

business in a given area and share the
profits
•Where there is $ there is corruption
and railroads introduced much of both
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 Railroads
New Lands

Why? Eight reasons Industrial

Social Darwinism Revolution Immi-
Wheel gration

New Business Practices Urbanization

Innovations & Inventions

•“Survival of the Fittest”

•The rich have more money because

they run better businesses
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 Railroads
Government
New Lands
Laissez -Faire

Why? Eight reasons Industrial

Social Darwinism Revolution Immi-
Wheel gration

New Business Practices Urbanization

Innovations & Inventions

•Laissez-Faire “Hands Off!”

•Government did not interfere

with the economy and businesses
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THANK YOU