Academic Ethical Traditions

THE ACADEMIC
ETHICAL TRADITIONS
ACADEMIC ETHICAL
TRADITIONS
 They are group of things that one group of
people who are related to academia think are
right and wrong
GAWI & GAWA & HABITUATION
 Filipinos distinguish between thoughtless,
instinctive mannerisms, and reflexes from gawa
(actions) and gawi (inclinations)
 Freedom figures closely into action and
inclination.
 It is the willful act and decision that give
form and shape to the actions and
inclinations of the people.
 Gawi & gawa are not identical. Gawa refers

to the free action that is oriented toward a
particular end.
 These are common aspects of human action
that Filipinos understand as action and
inclination; that free human acts are
governed by reflection and are freely
decided such that they are not determined
by internal or external forces.
 For example, a worker uses his/her free
imagination and will to bring about services and
products that contribute to the well-being of the
society.
 As governed by free decision making, the creative
worker embraces all the information he/she can
gather to effectively realize his purpose.
 A process of discernment
accompanies the creative work.
 A person is judged good or evil, right

or wrong based on kagawian or
habituation.
 Gawi also refers to free kind of work. It refers to
the kind of acts that people are used to
accomplishing. It does not only refer to particular
acts of a person, but it reveals truth about
himself/herself.
 Kagawian is Filipino equivalent of ethos in Greek

and mos or moris in Latin.
ETHICS & ETHOS
 Ethics comes from the Greek word ethos which
means custom, a characteristic, or habitual way
of doing things or action, that is properly derived
from one’s character.
 The Latin word “mos” or “moris” from which the

adjective moral is derived is equivalent to ethos.
 Ethics and morality may only be a simple
description of the mores or ways of behaving,
whether of human person in general or of a
particular population.
 Ethics is a survey of patterns of behavior that is

done by the human being in general or a society
in particular.
 Because of this, human actions have something
to do with human movements that are ruled by
one’s freedom.
 Aristotle differentiates between human actions

that are “praxis” and “to poiein”.
 To poiein is to successfully complete a
particular work to be artistic or
technical.
 Praxis properly focuses on the human

agent that is revealed through his/her
actions.
 Ethics is normative with regard to its being a
practical science. It is not limited to the
descriptions of the human actions, but also aims
to guide them.
 Ethics proposes guidelines, considerations and

norms to provide advice and rules so that the
way of right living and its practice are clarified.
 If kagawian is the Filipino equivalent of the Greek
ethos and the Latin mor/morris, gawa is to poiein
and gawi is praxis.
 Ethics is a philosophy of human action that

allows them to learn the art of living. It is an art
that allows them to be reconciled with their
freedom and that which is expected of them
• *ETHICS IS A WAY FOR THEM TO FIND
HAPPINESS.*
• *ETHICS ALSO CONSIDERS THAT

WHICH IS WORTHY OF HUMAN
BEINGS*
 Ethics does not only serve path to happiness but
also reaches out in fullness of reflection for that
action which is an obligation for a human being.
The gravity of such an ethical consideration is
given voice in the Filipino saying, “madaling
maging tao, mahirap magpakatao”
 The Filipino student is invited to outgrow kung
saan ka masaya suportahan kita and get to sa
dapat mong gawin talaga kang sasaya
PLATO’S INSIGHT INTO THE GOOD
 Academia, the institution of learning established by
Plato for the training of his followers who later will
be called philosophers, lovers of wisdom.
 Plato’s life is unfamiliar with students of today. His

serious claim was given voice by a thinker named
“Protagoras” who said that “man is the measure of
all things”
 This easy relativism holds that man, being the
pressure of all things, can only hold on to beliefs
and truths that are for himself/herself or/her/his
society only.
 Socrates taught Plato about the difficulty of
coming  toSocrates
a knowledge of the
taught Plato about truth.
difficultyHe instilled
of coming to a knowledge of the truth. He
rigorous questioning to his students and did not
instilled this rigorous questioning to his
shy away from
studentsinterrogating
and did not shy even away fromthe traditional
interrogating even the traditional leaders
leaders of Athens which resulted to his death
of Athens. This leads to his death.
 Socrates is immortalized in the writings of Plato as
the intelligent and courageous teacher who leads
his bearers nearer to the truth in the same way that
midwives help in the birthing process of a child.
 This confrontation between Socratic inquiry and

easy lack of thought is portrayed in the allegory of
the cave that is found in Plato’s The Republic.
 Glaucon’s story in the dialogue best introduces
the allegory that is told by Socrates. According to
him, a terrible earthquake later resulted in a
break in the land and the finding of a metallic
horse that contained a skeleton. A ring is said to
be worn by the skeleton.
 Glaucon dismisses the topic of the good
altogether and proposes to explain the human
person’s ethical actions as the result of fear.
 Responding to this story, Plato through Socrates,
proposed the “Allegory of the Cave”
 A man is dragged out of the cave and made to
see reality as it is enlightened by the sun.
 He later sees the sun itself as the source of
light that gives definition to reality.
 Plato then has Socrates explain to Glaucon that the sun
represents the good.
 Plato directs humanity to the nobility that is reachable

through the knowledge of the good. His confidence in
knowing the good as acting upon as it reaches out to
every age that grapples with the question of what is
proper human actions.
 Plato continues to address us and his voice builds
confidence in our own ability to know the good
and act ethically.
 Each age has a particular way of interrogating

Plato’s assertion and further give nuance to what
is known and how to act.

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THE ACADEMIC

 Gawi & gawa are not identical. Gawa refers

 A person is judged good or evil, right

 Kagawian is Filipino equivalent of ethos in Greek

 The Latin word “mos” or “moris” from which the

 Ethics is a survey of patterns of behavior that is

 Aristotle differentiates between human actions

 Praxis properly focuses on the human

 Ethics proposes guidelines, considerations and

 Ethics is a philosophy of human action that

• *ETHICS ALSO CONSIDERS THAT

 Plato’s life is unfamiliar with students of today. His

 This confrontation between Socratic inquiry and

 Plato directs humanity to the nobility that is reachable

 Each age has a particular way of interrogating

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