Basic Concept in Geometry

BASIC CONCEPT IN
GEOMETRY
CIRCLES
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are

equidistant from a fixed point in the plane. The fixed point
is the center of the circle and the fixed distance is the
radius.
The following are some terms related to

the circle:
1. RADIUS - is also used to name a line segment that
joints the center of the circle to the point on the
circle.
2. CHORD - is a segment whose end points are any
two points on the circle.
3. DIAMETER - is a chord which passes through the
center of a circle. It is twice the length of the radius.
The word “diameter” can also refer to a segment or
the length of a segment.
4. SECANT - is a line that contains a chord.
5. TANGENT - to a circle is a line, a ray or a segment
in the plane of a circle that intersects the circle at
exactly one point (point of tangency).
Other basic terms needed in the study of the circle are
illustrated and define as follows:
1. CENTRAL ANGLE - is an angle formed by two radii
of the circle with its vertex in the center of the center.
2. ARC - is a connected part of a circle. If it is half a
circle, it is called a semicircle. If an arc is less than half
a circle, it is called minor arc. If an arc is more than
half a circle it is called major arc.
POLYGONS
A closed plane figure formed by connecting three or
more segments at their endpoints is called a polygon.
The segments are the sides of the polygon while the
endpoints of this segments are the vertices of the
polygon. Two sides of a polygon are adjacent or
consecutive if they have a common endpoints. Two
angles of polygon are adjacent if they have a side in
common. Two vertices of a polygon are adjacent if
they are the endpoints of a side.
KINDS OF POLYGONS
A.TRIANGLE
A triangle is a polygon with

three
sides. Every triangle has three
altitudes, medians, and angle
bisectors.
An altitude to a side is the segment drawn from a
vertex of a triangle to the point on the line containing
the opposite side such that the segment and the line
intersect to form right angles.
A median to a side is a congruent drawn from a vertex

of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLE
Triangles can
be
classified according
to
the number of
congruent sides and
their angles.
Equilateral, isosceles and scalene triangles may be classified

according to their congruent sides.
Acute, Obtuse and right angles may be classified according to
their angles.
In addition, equiangular triangle may be classified according
to its angles.
B. QUADRILATERALS
A quadrilateral is a
polygon
with four sides (or edges)
and four vertices or
corners.
Sometimes, the term
quadrangle is used, by
analogy with triangle, and
sometimes tetragon for
consistency with pentagon (5 sided), hexagon (6 sided)
and so on. The origin of the word “quadrilateral” is the two
Latin words quadri, a variant of four, and latus, meaning
“side”
Quadrilaterals are simple (not self-intersecting) or
complex (self-intersecting), also called crossed. Simple
quadrilaterals are either convex or concave.
The interior angles of a simple (and planar)
quadrilateral ABCD add up to 360 degrees of arc, that
is
<A + <B + <C + <D = 360
This is a special case of the n-gon interior angle sum
formula (n-2)  18º. In a crossed quadrilateral, the
interior angles on either side of the crossing add up to
720º. All convex quadrilaterals tile the plane by
repeated rotation around the midpoints of their edges.
KINDS OF QUADRILATERALS
C. OTHER POLYGONS
1.Pentagon 5 sides 5
corners 5 edges
2. Hexagon 6 sides 6
corners 6 edges
3. Heptagon 7 sides 7
corners 7 edges
4.Octagon 8 sides 8
corners 8 edges
5. Nonagon 9 sides 9
corners 9 edges
6. Decagon 10 sides 9
corners 10 edges
7. Undecagon 11 sides 11
corners 11 edges
8. Dodecagon 12 edges 12
corners 12 edges
9. n-gon n sides
n
corners n edges
ANGLES
An angle is a figure formed by two rays with a
common endpoint, and which are not on the same
line. The common endpoints of the sides of an angle is
called the vertex.
In the figure above, rays OT and OX are the sides of

the angle. Point O is the vertex of the angle.
An angle is denoted using number, vertex, or the
vertex and two points on each side of an angle.
An angle is denoted using a number, vertex, or the
vertex and two points on each side of an angle. If
three letters are used, the middle letter is the vertex
of the angle. The angle above is denoted by Angle
TOX, or Angle O.
An angle divides the plane into three parts: the

interior angle, the exterior of the angle, and the angle
itself.
The color light blue portion outside the angle is
called the exterior of the angle and the violet portion
inside the angle is called the interior of the angle.
KINDS OF ANGLES
UNDEFINED TERMS, THEOREMS AND POSTULATES
A. UNDEFINED TERMS
An ‘undefined term’ is a term or word that doesn’t
require further explanation or description.
Geometry recognizes four undefined terms.
POINT (an undefined term)

In geometry, a point has no dimension (actual
size).
LINE (an undefined terms)
In geometry, a line has no thickness but its
length extends in one dimension and goes on forever in
both directions.
PLANE (an undefined term)
In geometry, a plane has no thickness but
extends indefinitely in all directions.
There are a few basic concepts in geometry that need

to be understood, but are seldom used a reasons in a
formal proof.
Collinear points – points that lie on the same line.
Coplanar points – points that lie in same plane.
Opposite rays – 2 rays that lie on the same line, with a
common endpoint and no other points in common.
Opposite rays form a straight line and/or a straight
angle (180º).
Parallel lines – two coplanar lines that do not intersect.
Skew lines – two non-coplanar lines that do not
intersect.
B. THEOREMS
In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has
been proven on the basis of previously established
statements, such as other theorems, and previously
accepted statements, such as axioms.
C. POSTULATES
Postulates are statements the validity or truth of
which are assumed without proof.

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BASIC CONCEPT IN

A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are

The following are some terms related to

A triangle is a polygon with

A median to a side is a congruent drawn from a vertex

Equilateral, isosceles and scalene triangles may be classified

In the figure above, rays OT and OX are the sides of

An angle divides the plane into three parts: the

POINT (an undefined term)

There are a few basic concepts in geometry that need

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