Development of Rizal's Nationalism

Chapter 3
Development of
Rizal’s Nationalism
Lecture Notes in Life and Works of Rizal

Dr. Francis Baleta, RFT, RPT
Isabela State University
BIRTH, ANCESTRY, CHILDHOOD
Birth
 Rizal was born on June 19,
1861 in Kalamba, Laguna and
was baptized Jose Rizal
Mercado.
 Calamba is a small town nestling
at the foot of Mt. Makiling as it
slopes down to Laguna de Bay.
 Rizal’s town was a prosperous
town devoted to the production
of sugar.
 Despite their hardships as
tenants of the Dominican friars
whose estate covered practically
the whole town, its inhabitants
Birthplace
 The surroundings of his home
opened to him the many
wonders of nature.
 Verdant meadows all around, a
fruit laden orchard, and the Mt.
Makiling in the distance – all
these quickened his perception.
 The beauty of the orchard and
the gentle atmosphere of the
family’s rambling house left a
deep impression on the young
Rizal.
Ancestry
 Like most Filipino, Rizal was mixed racial origin.
 In his veins flowed the blood of the East and West.
Rizal’s great-great grandfather was Domingo
Lamco, the intelligent and industrious Chinese
merchant, who married Ines dela Rosa, a Chinese
mestiza.
 From Parian, the family migrated to Biῇan and
became tenants in the Dominican estate.
 Lamco’s only son, Francisco, who was to be Rizal’s
great grandfather was a keen, witty and liberal young
man.
 He became quite well-to-do and popular enough to be
appointed municipal captain of Biῇan in 1783.
 The family adopted the surname “Mercado” to free the
Ancestry
 Francisco Mercado’s wife, Bernarda Monicha, was a
Chinese mestiza. They were blessed with two children:
Juan and Clemente. Juan married Cirila Alejandra, also
a Chinese mestiza.
 The couple has 14 children, including Francisco who was to
be Rizal’s father.
 Francisco and two of his sisters moved to Dominican estate
in Calamba and became pioneer farmers.
 Materially, socially and professionally, the family of
Teodora Alonso was better off than the family of her
husband.
 In those days when professionals were few, the Alonso clan
could boast of a number of lawyers, priests, engineers and
government officials.
 Teodora, Rizal’s mother whose parents were Lorenzo
Alberto and Brigida Ochoa belonged to a professionally
Ancestry
The family name of Rizal’s parents does not coincide
with his own as inscribed in his birth certificate. This can
be explained as follows:
 The name of Rizal’s mother was Teodora Alonso
Quintos and according to some notes of Rizal’s
brother, Paciano, the birth certificate of Jose bears the
name Realonda because there was a time when
many Filipinos had the custom of adding the name of
the godmother or godfather to the child’s name.
 Thus when his mother Teodora was baptized, the name
Realonda (her godmother’s) was added to her name,
and later to Rizal’s.
 Rizal himself gave in a letter to Bluementritt the
complete name of his mother: TEODORA ALONSO
QUINTOS REALONDA.
The family name “Rizal”

 As regards the family name, this was a matter
of selection in conformity with the order in
force about the middle to the effect that the
natives choose the family name they wished
from a list provided for this purpose.
 Rizal’s father ignored these orders and
reapplied for the name Rizal.
 The petition was rejected by the Spanish
authorities, but despite this, the Mercado
family used the name Rizal as a second family
name when “Rizal” in 1872 went to Manila to
enroll at the Ateneo Municipal, directed by the
The family name “Rizal”
 There was a good reason for the change. Only
six months had elapsed since the Cavite
Mutiny in 1872. This event was to have a
profound effect on the ideological genesis of
Jose, despite the fact that he was only eleven
years old at the time.
 His brother Paciano had contacts with Father,
Burgos, who was executed as a consequence
of the uprisings.
 The name Mercado thus became subject to
suspicion. Hence, the adoption of Rizal as the
first family name.
The Rizal family – Teodora Alonzo

 As to the members of the
family, it was Teodora Alonso,
the mother, who has the most
striking personality in the
family circle, due to her
intelligence, her culture and
her disposition,
 A well-read person, she knew
how to appreciate literature,
corrected her son’s verses
and a good knowledge of
mathematics.
The Rizal family – Teodora
Alonzo
 Educated in the College of
Santa Rosa, she was a devout
Catholic, and believed in the
intercession of the saints in
earthly happenings.
 She took great efforts to
imbue her sons with the
maxims of Christian morality.
 Her father was a
representative to the Spanish
Cortes, for the island had been
represented there for short
period:
1810 to 1813 / 1813 to 1814/
The Rizal family- Francisco
Mercado
 Francisco Mercado was 43 years
old when Rizal was born.
 He was older than his wife by 6
years.
 Of more than average height, his
face was serious and noble.
 He was a man of few words,
dignified and hospitable.
 Having studied in Colegio de San
Jose in Manila, he possessed an
elementary education which was
sufficient to successfully carry
out the management of the large
agricultural properties that were
The Rizal family

Both parents greatly influenced Rizal
and left their imprint on his character.
From his father, he inherited a
profound sense of dignity and self –
respect, seriousness and self –
possession; and from his mother, the
temperament of the poet and the
dreamer and bravery for sacrifice.
The Rizal family- Paciano
 Rizal’s only brother, Paciano,
was a full ten years older than
he.
 Like his father, he pursued a
college education in Manila.
 He was a second father to his
younger brother Jose and gave
him wise counsel and advice.
 He joined Gen. Aguinaldo’s
revolutionary forces and rose to
the rank of major general.
 When peace was restored, he
retired to his farm in Los Baṅos
and led a quiet life until his
The Rizal family-

Don Francisco Mercado and Dona
Teodora Alonzo were blessed with
11 children:
• Saturnina (1850-1913)
• Paciano (1851-1930)
• Narcisa (1852-1939)
• Olimpia (1855-1887)
• Lucia (1857-1919)
• Maria (1859-1945)
• Jose (1861-1896)
• Conception (1862-1865)
• Josefa (1865-1945)
• Trinidad (1868=1951)
• Soledad (1870-1919)
The Rizal family-

Don Francisco Mercado and Dona
Teodora Alonzo were blessed with
11 children:
• Saturnina (1850-1913)
• Paciano (1851-1930)
• Narcisa (1852-1939)
• Olimpia (1855-1887)
• Lucia (1857-1919)
• Maria (1859-1945)
• Jose (1861-1896)
• Conception (1862-1865)
• Josefa (1865-1945)
• Trinidad (1868=1951)
• Soledad (1870-1919)
Childhood
 Rizal learned his alphabet at the age of three.
As a boy, he took avid interest in reading and
literature because the family’s extensive
library provided him with the necessary
incentives.
 He loved to read books while his mother
listened. In addition to reading, he also
manifested skills in sculpture, sketching, and
painting.
 The scenic beauty of Kalamba, his admiration
of his mother, and other people provided
themes for his literary talent and artistry.
Childhood
 Recognizing her son’s
creativity, Dona Teodora
encouraged him to
express his thoughts and
sentiments in verse.
 He wrote his
first novel,
Sa Aking
Mga
Kabata,
when he was
only eight
Childhood
 As a boy, Rizal developed a curious
ability to recognize things that were
worthwhile.
 One of his early memories was a fable
his mother had related to him one
evening – The Story of the Moth – from a
Spanish reader called El Amigo de los
Niṅos.
 Rizal’s youthful observations left lasting
impressions that shaped his social and
political ideas.
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Hometown Education
 At nine years, he was sent by his parents in
Biṅan to undergo formal schooling in the
basic curriculum of that generation.
 He concentrated on his studies assiduously
and he excelled in all subjects.
 Besides taking formal lessons in Latin and
Spanish, Rizal developed his painting skills
from a local painter.
 Later, Rizal referred to himself as a
“fashionable” painter.
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
 Before Rizal reached his eleventh birthday he
was sent to Manila and enrolled at the
Ateneo Municipal, a college under the
supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
 Ateneo’s first name was Escuela Pia, whose
name was changed to Ateneo Municipal
and later examination on Christian doctrine,
arithmetic and reading.
 His father wished him to study at Letran, but
changed his mind and decided to enroll him
at Ateneo.
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
 Jose was the first in his family to adopt a
surname “Rizal”.
 He registered under this name at the Ateneo
because their family name “Mercado” had
come under the suspicion of Spanish
authorities.
 Jose boarded in a house outside Intramuros,
on Caraballo Street, just 25 minutes walk
from college, where Ateneo was once
located.
 This boarding house was owned by Titay, a
spinster.
 The Ateneo students were trained on the
system of education given by the Jesuits.
 Rigid discipline, character building, and
religious instruction were given emphasis.
 Class in every subject was opened and
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
 On his first day of class, in June 1872, Rizal
first heard Mass at the College Chapel and
went to his class. Rizal’s first professor was
Fr. Jose Beach.
 Being a newcomer and knowing little
Spanish, Rizal was placed at the bottom of
the class.
 A late enrollee as he and one whose
knowledge of Spanish was taken with ridicule
naturally had to start from the tail-end of the
class as an externo; hence he was assigned
to the Carthaginians.
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
 After the first week, José
progressed rapidly. In a month’s
time, however, he was at the
head, the class “emperor”.
 He spent long hours of reading,
his love for books grew
tremendously.
 He asked his father to buy him a
complete set of the “Historia
Universal” by Cesar Cantu
which he conscientiously read,
and The Count of Monte
Cristo by Alexander Dumas.
 He was only 12 years old when
he made these demands.
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
 After the first week, José progressed rapidly. In a
month’s time, however, he was at the head, the
class “emperor”.
 He spent long hours of reading, his love for books
grew tremendously.
 He asked his father to buy him a complete set of
the “Historia Universal” by Cesar Cantu which
he conscientiously read, and The Count of
Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas.
 He was only 12 years old when he made these
demands.
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
 During his first year, first semester studies at Ateneo,
he won first prize in a contest for religious picture.
 He spent his noon recess in taking private lessons in
Spanish at the Sta. Isabel College.
 In his second semester, Rizal did not try hard to
retain his scholarship.
 He resented some remarks of his professor and paled
second, although his grades were still marked
Sobresaliente ,“excellent”.
 Nothing unusual happened in his second year term.
He studied harder and once more became “emperor”.
 At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent
grades in all subjects and a gold medal.
 In March 1874, he went to Calamba to spend his
summer vacation.
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
EDUCATION
Ateneo Education
 On June 16, 1875 Rizal went back to Ateneo as an
“interne”.
 Rizal resumed his studies with vigor and zest. He
topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five
medals.
 He returned to Calamba for his summer vacation in
March 1876.
 Rizal returned to Manila in June, 1876 for his last year
in Ateneo. His studies continued to fare well.
 He was considered to be the best and most brilliant.
 On March 23, 1877, Rizal received the Degree of
Bachelor of Arts (a high school certificate) with
grades rated “excellent”, and he had five prizes and
several awards.
 At sixteen, the young graduate was a mature man.
EDUCATION
At the UST
 After graduating with the highest honors
from Ateneo, Rizal had to go to the
University of Santo Tomas for higher
studies.
 In April 1877, Rizal who was only 16
years old then enrolled at UST, taking the
course on Philosophy and Letters
because he was still uncertain as to what
course he would take up and besides, his
father liked his course.
 While studying at the UST, he also took
up vocational course in surveying and
excelled in all subjects.
 At the age of 17, he passed the final
examination, but could not be granted
the title because of being underage, but
EDUCATION
At the UST
 He finally decided to take up medicine
specializing opthalmology at the
University of Santo Tomas because
he wanted to treat the failing eyesight
of his mother.
 The academic freedom that he had
enjoyed while at the Ateneo was
dampened by prejudicial limitations at
the University.
 His general average was creditable but
he found the classroom inadequate for
his academic curiosity.
 Paciano advised him to go to Europe to
broaden his perspective and to seek
outlets for his talents.
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Education in Europe
 Rizal left for Europe aboard the SS “Salvadora” on
May 3, 1882 and arrived at Barcelona at the middle of
June.
 After a few months he moved to Madrid because
medical education there was reported cheaper there.
 To acquire wisdom and culture, he enrolled in
philosophy and letters.
 To enhance his artistic talents, he also took up lessons
in painting and sculpture at the Academia de Bellas
Artes de San Fernando, as well as lessons in French
and German at the Ateneo de Madrid.
 During his free hours, he attended lectures and
frequented the theater.
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Education in Europe
“SPOLARIUM”
Juan Luna
“Las Virgenes”
(The Virgins Being Exposed to the Populace)
Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo
Education
EDUCATION
Education in Europe
EDUCATION
Education in Europe
 He went to Paris for advanced studies in
ophthalmology. Together with other foreigners, he
worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Louis de
Weker, a leading French ophthalmologist.
 His limited allowance and his desire to learn more
about eye ailments prompted him to go to Germany
where the cost of living was cheaper.
 He practiced in a hospital of Heidelberg under the
supervision of the hospital director himself, Dr.
Schultzer and Dr. Xavier Galezowski, eminent
German ophthalmologists.
 Rizal’s observations in Europe opened his mind to the
imperative needs of his country and the ways that
meet these needs.
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
 Despite his many scholarly activities, he sought

time to finish the first half of the Noli in Madrid. He
continued writing in Paris. He finished his book in
Germany where philosophies were free from
church and state control.
 Berliner Buchdruckerei – Actien –
Gesselschaft, Setzerinnen – Schule de Lette
Vereins. Cheapest book printer he found in Berlin
to print his novel. Php. 300.00 for 2,000 copies.
 Maximo Viola. His friend who lends him the
amount needed in printing.
 March 1887. Release of Noli Me Tangere.
 Madame Lucille Cerdolle. Well known teacher
in Paris and also the French teacher of the imperial
family. Rizal enrolled in her class for further
mastery of French.
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
 He studied Hebrew to enable him to interpret the
Bible in its original text and be better prepared to
defend any controversial religious issue that Noli Me
Tangere might arouse.
 Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt. Rizal’s most cherished
friend which he met in Germany. He also guided
Rizal in his research on the Philippines at European
libraries.
 Dr. Feodor Jagor. His works had inspired him when
he was still a student at the Ateneo.
 Dr. Rudolf Virhow. A famous scientist and a
statesman of intense democratic ideals.
 Dr. A B Meyer. Rizal met him in Dresden. A director
of the Royal Saxony Ethnographical Institute. Years
before Rizal’s departure for Europe, Dr. Meyer had
visited the Philippines to make a study of the Filipino
people. He had written a book about the Igorots, a
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
 After reading accounts about the Philippines in German
books, Rizal was gratified to learn that foreigners who made
scientific studies about the Philippines had a higher regard
for the Filipinos than most of the Spanish writers whose
conclusions were based on unjust prejudices.
 He wanted his educated countrymen to know that foreigners
were taking avid interest in their country’s way of life.
 He studied and translated Blumentritt’s Ethnography of the
Islands of Mindanao.
 To compare the primitive people of other lands of the
Philippines, he studied the ethnographical works of Gaerlan
Waitz and Ratzel and Wilkins and the historical publications
of Lipper and Helwald.
 Rizal also pursued his course in practical ethnology and the
study of race differences. He studied German, Spanish, and
French peasant life.
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
 His desire to share with his countrymen the ideals

of freedom and patriotism in Schiller’s William Tell
encourage him to translate this working into
Tagalog.
 This is an intensely stirring human drama of the
Swiss farmers’ fight against the tyranny of their
Austrian governors.
 The idea he expressed in his El Amor Patrio
was similar to that of Schiller’s; “Join your dearest
Fatherland, hold it fast with all your hearts; here
are the deep roots of your strength.”
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
Six – month Sojourn in the Philippines

 After five years of memorable sojourn in Europe, he
returned to the Philippines after publishing Noli in
March 1887. He arrived in Manila on August 5, 1887.
 Rizal was warned by Paciano and other relatives not
to return home, yet he did not heed their warning.
 He was determined to return to the Philippines for
the following reasons:
1. To operate on his mother’s eyes;
2. To serve his people who had long been
oppressed by Spanish tyrants;
3. To personally find out how the Noli and his
other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in
the Philippines.
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
 Rizal’s arrival was like a storm over his novel. One day, Rizal
received a letter from Governor-General Emilio Terrero
requesting him to go to Malacanan Palace. Rizal went to
Malacanan.
 He was informed by the governor-general of the charges and
explained that he merely exposed the truth.
 Rizal’s enemies were powerful. Later on, Gov. Gen. Terrero
had assigned Jose Taviel de Anrade, a lieutenant of the
guardia civil, as Rizal’s personal escort.
 Meanwhile, the Dominicans examined the text of the Noli
and found it to be heretical, impious, and scandalous in its
religious aspect, and unpatriotic and subversive to public
order, that’s why they ordered the importation, reproduction,
and circulation of the book be absolutely prohibited.
 Repercussions of the storm over the Noli reached Spain.
During the days when the Noli was the target of a heated
controversy, all copies of the Noli were sold out.
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
 What marred Rizal’s happy days in Calamba was the
death of his older sister, Olympia, and circulated by his
enemies that he was a German spy.
 Rizal’s exposure of the deplorable conditions of tenancy
in Calamba and the friars forced him to leave his
country for a second time.
 He was then full-grown man of 27 years of age when he
secretly departed on February 3, 1888.
 He travelled through Hongkong, Japan, and the United
States, always studying and observing.
PROPAGANDIST RIZAL
Rizal Becomes an Active Propagandist
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas by Antonio de Morga.
An objective presentation of 16th century Philippine culture
and civilization which Rizal annotated.
“The Philippines within a Century” and “The
Indolence of the Filipino People”. Writings of Rizal
when he was in Europe to answer criticisms against the
Filipinos and their culture.
El Filibusterismo. Completed in July 1891 while he was in
Brussels. This manuscript is a strong indictment of Spanish
colonialism and of native supporters and defenders of the
system. It portrayed a society on the verge of revolution.
Valentine Ventura. His friend who gave him financial
assistance for the publication of El Fili since his family
members could not extend financial help to him because
they were among those persecuted by the gov’t as a result
EXILE, TRIAL AND EXECUTION
After the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal decided to
return to the Philippines for the second time.
Exile
26 June 1892. Rizal arrived in the Philippines from
Hongkong on board the boat Don Juan.
After having been inspected by the custom men, he
boarded in the Oriente Hotel where he occupied room
No. 22, facing the Binondo church.
His sister, Lucia, accompanied him in his return to the
Philippines.
In the evening, he attended the reunion held in the
house of Don Ong-junco, a Chinese mestizo, who was
living in the district of Tondo. Here he met many
Filipinos who were later arrested and executed as a
consequence of the discovery of the Katipunan.
Exile
27 June 1892. He took a train for his pleasure trip to
Bulacan and Pampanga. He visited Malolos, San
Fernando and Tarlac and his return, Bacolor.
28 June 1892. At 5:00 p.m. he arrived at Manila from
his trip to Central Luzon.
29 June 1892. At 7:30 in the morning, he went to see
Governor-General Eulogio Despujol. They talked about
the Borneo plan. The Governor-General was very much
opposed to it. Rizal was told to return the following
Sunday.
Exile
June 1892. Rizal used to see Maximo Viola in the
Oriental Hotel prior to his (Rizal’s) deportation to
Dapitan. Here Rizal confided to Viola the results of his
interview with the Governor-General, which he termed
sometimes pessimistic, sometimes optimistic.
3 July 1892. Rizal had again an interview with
Governor-General Despujol. He thanked Governor-
General Despujol for lifting the order of exile for his
sisters. The Governor told him to come back the
following Wednesday.
In the evening, he attended a meeting at a house on
Calle Ylaya to discuss the proposed Liga Filipina, a civic
Exile
6 July 1892. Rizal held the last interview with the
Governor-General. The governor-general confronted him
for anti-friar bills supposedly found in the baggage of his
sister Lucia. He was ordered imprisoned in Fort Santiago.
7 July 1892. Governor-General Eulogio Despujol issued
a decree deporting Rizal to Dapitan. All the newspapers
of the city published the decree on that day. Reason for
deportation: Rizal was accused of writing an anti-friar
article (Pobres Frailes-Poor Friars)
14 July 1892. In his prison cell, he was informed by D.
Ramon Despujol, aide and the nephew of the Governor-
General, that at 10 pm they would leave for Dapitan.

Exile
15 July 1892. At 1:00 on the morning, Rizal was
shipped on board the boat S. S. Cebu to Dapitan.
He was given good cabin, but well guarded.
17 July 1892. Rizal began his exile in Dapitan (a
very remote place in Mindanao) which lasted
until July 31, 1896 (4 years).
Exile
Recounts of the following worthy activities that
Rizal performed while in exile at Dapitan
(Maguigad, 2004):
As a farmer
Purchased 16 hectares of agricultural land where he
build a house, a school, and a medical clinic.
As a businessman
To break the Chinese monopoly of domestic trade, he
and a business partner, Ramon Carreon, engage in
the copra and abaca trading and also in the fishing
business.
Exile
(Maguigad, 2004):
As an engineer
Provided the town with a water system that was
completed in 1895.
As a scientist and inventor
Built a rich collection of Conchology, which consisted
of 346 shells representing 203 species.
Discovered rare specimens that were now named in
his honor: Rhacophoorus rizali (rare toad), Draco rizali
Exile
(Maguigad, 2004):
As a doctor
Performed the second and last operation on his
mother’s right eye in August 1893.
As a teacher
Built a school near his home and taught academic and
vocational training to a group of 16 selected boys.
Made his pupil’s education functional by integrating
their learning toward home and community

Exile
Another significant event during Riza’s exile in Dapitan is
when Dr. Pio visited him to discuss the course of the
Katipunan and invited him to join and lead them through
the armed revolution against the Spanish colonial
government.
“Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s bold project stating that
such would be a veritable suicide.
Rizal stressed that the Katipunan leaders should do
everything possible to prevent premature flow of native
blood.

Exile
Sensing that the revolutionary leaders were dead set on
launching their audacious project, Rizal instructed
Valenzuela that it would be for the best interests of the
Katipunan to get first the support of the rich and
influential people of Manila to strengthen their cause.
He further suggested that Antonio Luna with his
knowledge in military science and tactics, be made to
direct the military operations of the revolution.”

Exile
Rizal’s exiles in Dapitan ended when he requested the
Governor General for pardon then go abroad instead and
help the Spaniards as a medical doctor in Cuba where
the Spaniards were at war.
The request was approved. He was then taken out from
Dapitan bound to Barcelona.
However, the revolution in the Philippines broke out in
August 1896 and he was implicated as the leader and
driving force of the Katipuneros.
Upon the accusation, he was transported back to Manila
and was detained in Fort Santiago.
Trial
Rizal was given “mock” trial after his arrest
(mock trial because people believed that even
before the trial took place, there was already a
decision). He was charged with “founding illegal
association and of promoting and inducing
rebellion” (Maguigad, 2004).
Evidences include his writings, primarily his
novels. His brother, Paciano, was also tortured
hoping that they can get more evidences.
Luis Taviel de Anrade, Rizal’s lawyer, did his
best but efforts were in vain.
Trial
December 29, 1896. Rizal was formally
notified of the decision of the court – death by
musketry and be shot by sunrise the next
day.

Rizal’s family and friends visited him on his last
day.
Before attending to his execution, Rizal finished
his famous “Mi Ultimo Adios”
Execution
Execution
December 30, 1896. Rizal was shot at around
7:30AM in Bagumbayan (Luneta Park).

Development of Rizal's Nationalism

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Development of Rizal's Nationalism

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Chapter 3

Lecture Notes in Life and Works of Rizal

The family name “Rizal”

The Rizal family – Teodora Alonzo

The Rizal family

The Rizal family-

The Rizal family-

 Despite his many scholarly activities, he sought

 His desire to share with his countrymen the ideals

Six – month Sojourn in the Philippines

After the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal decided to

After the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal decided to

After the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal decided to

After the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal decided to

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