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    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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    Dua Zaheer
    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation caused by damage to the lungs, usually from significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. Common symptoms include excessive cough, dyspnea or shortness of breath, and sputum production, typically occurring in patients in their fifth to sixth decade of life. Diagnosis involves spirometry testing showing reductions in airflow and lung volume. Acute exacerbations are sudden worsening of COPD symptoms that can be triggered by infections or pollution, and are diagnosed based on increased symptoms and tests to identify potential causes.

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    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

    Uploaded by

    Dua Zaheer
    71 views13 pages
    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation caused by damage to the lungs, usually from significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. Common symptoms include excessive cough, dyspnea or shortness of breath, and sputum production, typically occurring in patients in their fifth to sixth decade of life. Diagnosis involves spirometry testing showing reductions in airflow and lung volume. Acute exacerbations are sudden worsening of COPD symptoms that can be triggered by infections or pollution, and are diagnosed based on increased symptoms and tests to identify potential causes.

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    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation caused by damage to the lungs, usually from significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. Common symptoms include excessive cough, dyspnea or shortness of breath, and sputum production, typically occurring in patients in their fifth to sixth decade of life. Diagnosis involves spirometry testing showing reductions in airflow and lung volume. Acute exacerbations are sudden worsening of COPD symptoms that can be triggered by infections or pollution, and are diagnosed based on increased symptoms and tests to identify potential causes.

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    71 views13 pages

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

    Uploaded by

    Dua Zaheer
    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation caused by damage to the lungs, usually from significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. Common symptoms include excessive cough, dyspnea or shortness of breath, and sputum production, typically occurring in patients in their fifth to sixth decade of life. Diagnosis involves spirometry testing showing reductions in airflow and lung volume. Acute exacerbations are sudden worsening of COPD symptoms that can be triggered by infections or pollution, and are diagnosed based on increased symptoms and tests to identify potential causes.

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    Chronic Obstructive

    Pulmonary Disease (COPD)


    by Dr. Dua Zaheer Memon
    Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive
    Lung Disease (GOLD) definition
     a common, preventable and treatable disease
    state
     characterized by persistent respiratory
    symptoms and airflow limitation
     due to airway and alveolar abnormalities
     usually caused by significant exposure to
    noxious particles or gases.
    Symptoms

     5th to 6th decade of life


     Excessive cough
     Dyspnea or shortness of breath
     sputum production
    Lab Findings : Spirometry

     Early – evidence of abnormal closing volume


    and reduced mid-expiratory flow rates.
     Late – Reductions in FEV1 and in the ratio of
    forced expiratory volume to vital capacity.
     Severe – the FVC is markedly reduced.
    Lab Findings: ABGs

     Early – no abnormalities early in COPD other


    than an increased A–a–DO2
     Advanced – Hypoxemia and Compensatory
    Respiratory Acidosis
    Lab Findings: Other

     Sputum cultures – if positive, are poorly correlated


    with acute exacerbations, and research techniques
    demonstrate evidence of preceding viral infection in a
    majority of patients with exacerbations.
     ECG – may show sinus tachycardia. In advanced
    disease, chronic pulmonary hypertension may
    produce ECG abnormalities typical of cor pulmonale.
    Supraventricular arrhythmias and ventricular
    irritability also occur.
    Imaging

     Radiographs – hyperinflation & elongation of


    lungs with flattening of the diaphragm or
    peripheral arterial deficiency and a slender
    heart. In advanced disease, pulmonary
    hypertension may be suggested by
    enlargement of central pulmonary arteries
    Acute Exacerbation

     It is a sudden worsening of COPD symptoms


    (including SOB, quantity and color of phlegm)
    that typically lasts for several days.
     It may be triggered by an infection with
    bacteria or viruses or by environmental
    pollutants.
    Sings and Symptoms

     Increased frequency and severity of coughing, often


    accompanied by worsened chest congestion and
    discomfort. 
     Shortness of breath and wheezing are present in
    many cases. Exacerbations may be accompanied by
    increased amount of cough and sputum productions,
    and a change in appearance of sputum.
     An abrupt worsening in COPD symptoms may cause
    rupture of the airways in the lungs, which in turn may
    cause a secondary spontaneous pneumothorax.
    Causes

     Respiratory Infection: Viral and Bacterial. Common


    bacterial pathogens of acute exacerbations include H.
    influenzae, S. pneumonia and M. Catarrhalis. Also, C.
    pneumoniae and MRSA. 
     Allergens: e.g., pollens, wood or cigarette smoke,
    pollution
     Toxins, including a variety of different chemicals
     Failing to follow a drug therapy program, e.g.
    improper use of an inhaler
    Diagnosis

     Increased Symptoms: More frequent, purulent &


    thicker sputum, increased frequency & severity
    of coughing and increased SOB
     CXR: if fever, hemoptysis, to rule out
    pneumonia and to get info on severity
     History: of exposure to potential cause
     Early morning sputum sample culture to detect
    bacterial cause

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