3 Mud Additives & Treatment

Mud Additives and
Treatment
Sudhir Kumar
1
Any composition, which is used to
aid in production and removal of
cuttings from the well bore, is termed
as drilling fluid.
2
Drilling Fluid can be classified on the basis of
principal component :
These components are :
(i) Water
(ii) Oil
(iii) Air/Gas
3
 Water was the first drilling Fluid to be used
and is still the principal ingredient of most of the
Drilling Fluids.
 Any material added to a drilling fluid to
achieve a particular purpose / function is
known as drilling fluid additive or Mud
additive.
4
•The types of Formations to be drilled
•The pressure range of Formation Fluids.
•The range of temperature, strength, and
permeability exhibited by the formations.
•The water quality available.
5
 1. Caustic Soda Used for pH control in
(NaOH) water base mud
 2. Potassium For alkalinity control
Hydroxide(KOH) in KCl mud and
source of potassium
in salt free fluids
 3. Sodium Chloride Used in packer and
(NaCl) work over fluids for
density control and in
drilling fluids
6
 4. Potassium Used in KCl- Polymer
Chloride(KCl) mud for shale
inhibition
 5. Soda Ash Used for removal of
(Na2CO3) Ca++ from water base
mud
 6. Sodium Bicarbonate Used for removal of
(NaHCO3) Ca++contaminants
in water base mud
7
 7.Lime Ca(OH)2 Used in lime base
mud system and
also control
carbonate
contamination
8
 Weighting Materials
 Viscosifiers
 Filtrate Reducers
 Thinners/Dispersants
 Bituminous Materials
 Lost Circulation Materials
 Lubricating Materials
 Shale Stabilizers
9
` Weighting materials may be added to the
drilling fluids to increase their density so that the
hydrostatic head pressure becomes close to that of
formation pore pressure. In order to prevent the
inflow of formation fluids and to lay down a thin,
low permeable filter cake on the walls of the hole,
the pressure of mud column must exceed the pore
pressure by at least 200 psi (14 kg/cm2).
10
MATERIAL Sp.Gr Application
Calcium 2.6- Acid soluble weighting material for
carbonate 2.8 drilling, completion and work over
(Calcite) fluids.
Iron 3.7- Weighting agent in work over fluids
carbonate 3.9
(Siderite)
Barytes 4.2- Weighting material in both water and
4.5 oil base fluids.
Illmenite 4.5- Weighting material in both water and
(FeO.TiO2) 5.1 oil base fluids.
Hematite 4.9- Weighting material in both water and
(Fe2O3) 5.3 oil base fluids.
Galena 7.4- High density material for high weight
7.7 muds. 11
MATERIAL Sp.Gr Application
Magnetite 5.0- Weighting material in both water and
(Fe3O4) 5.2 oil base fluids.
Dolomite 2.8- Acid soluble weighting material for
(CaCO3. 2.9 drilling, completion and work over
fluids.
MgCO3)
12
Viscosity is defined as the resistance to flow
while the gel strength is the thixo -tropic property of
mud i.e mud tends to thicken up if left un agitated
for some time. viscosity is usually measured by
marsh funnel. It is the timed rate of flow and
measured in seconds per quart or in metric units,
seconds per 946 ml. However funnel viscosity does
not represent the correct value of the actual viscosity
of mud.
13
 Organic colloidal materials are used in drilling
fluids to reduce filtration, stabilize clay,
flocculate drilling solids, increase carrying
capacity of drilling fluid.
14
NAME FUNCTIONS
Bentonite clay Viscosifier and fluid loss reducer in fresh
water.
Attapulgite Viscosifier and fluid loss reducer for salt
water base system where salinity exceeds
3.5%.
Asbestos Viscosifiers: fresh and salt water system
X-C Polymer Primary viscosifying polymer for all water

base mud
15
Additives Functions
CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE SELECTIVE FLOCCULANT,

CMC (L.V.G. & H.V.G.) VISCOSIFIER & FLUID LOSS
CONTROL ADDITIVE IN FRESH
WATER MUD, IMPARTS
DISPENSING PROPERTIES IN
SALT WATER
PREGELATINISED STARCH FLUID LOSS CONTROL IN SALT
WATER SYSTEM & CALCIUM
MUD SYSTEM.
CARBOXY METHYL STARCH VISCOSIFIERS AND
FILTRATION REDUCER.
16
Additives Functions
POLYANIONIC CELLULOSE FLUID LOSS CONTROL IN

(PAC) (L.V.G. & R.G.) FRESH AND SALT WATER
SYSTEM AND VISCOSIFIER.
HT-STABLE RESINATED FILTRATION CONTROL UNDER
LIGNITE HIGH TEMPERATURE
CONDITIONS.
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS VISCOSIFIER AND FILTRATE

REDUCER.
SODIUM POLYACRYLONITRILE FOR FLUID LOSS CONTROL IN
FRESH WATER MUD
17
 Thinners are added in mud to reduce flow
resistance and gel development. Some of these
substances are used to reduce filtration and
cake thickness, to counteract the effect of salts
to minimize the effect of water on the formation
drilled, to emulsify oil in water and to stabilize
mud properties at elevated temperature.
18
NAME FUNCTIONS
Thinner or Chemicals for reducing viscosity
dispersants
Ferrochrome Dispersant and thinner which contributes to
lignosulphonate fluid loss control at high temperature
Chrome Dispersant and thinner which contributes to

lignosulphonate fluid loss control at higher temperatures
Chrome free Dispersant which contributes to fluid loss

lignosulphonate control at higher temperatures
Calcium/Potasium Thinner for water base system
lignosulphonate 19
Modified tannin Thinner for fresh water and
salt water systems
Cutch Thinner for high pH fresh
water base system
Causticized Lignite Thinner and fluid loss
control at high temperature
20
Sulphonated Asphalt Used in water mud for
hole stabilizing and
provide filtration control
Asphaltites and Mineral Used in water mud for
waxes hole stabilizing and
provide filtration control
21
 Rice Husk
 Sawdust
 Mica flakes
 Walnut shells
 Diaseal - M
 Cellophane flakes
22
Requirement for lubrication is critical (especially in
directional well) to reduce torque and drag.
Lubricating testers are used to measure lubricity
coefficient and film strength (EP test). Based on
which recommendations are given for treatment of
the mud with lubricating agents.
23
Graphite Provides Lubricity to Mud
E.P. Lubricants Provides Lubricity to Water
Base Mud under extreme
Pressure and Temperature
Conditions
Aluminum Stearate For De foaming in Water
Base Mud
2-Ethyl Hexanol For De foaming in Water
Base System
24
• In two ways potassium can attach with reactive
shale structure (1)- Ion Exchange 2)- Ion
Fixation.
• these processes are governed by the law of
mass action. Higher the concentration of K+,
faster the rate of exchange.
• Gumbo type of shale which formed in
potassium depleted environment are more
prone to potassium exchange.
• Gumbo is derived from the weathering of
ingenious and metamorphic rocks.
• The fixation and exchange takes place in two
stages.
• First step the creation of high charged smectite
layer through exchange of aluminum from silica in
tetrahedral layers of smectite.
• In Second step the high charged layer of smectite
converts to illite structure by fixation of potassium.
• This fixation also seen in nature with high sodium
to potassium ratio.
Cationic ions potency to hydrate the clays are :
H + > Al +++ >Ca++ >Mg++ >K+ >NH4+ >Na+

>Li+
Thank you!
28

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3 Mud Additives & Treatment

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Mud Additives and

X-C Polymer Primary viscosifying polymer for all water

CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE SELECTIVE FLOCCULANT,

POLYANIONIC CELLULOSE FLUID LOSS CONTROL IN

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS VISCOSIFIER AND FILTRATE

Chrome Dispersant and thinner which contributes to

Chrome free Dispersant which contributes to fluid loss

H + > Al +++ >Ca++ >Mg++ >K+ >NH4+ >Na+

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